Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Mastitic Dairy Cattle in Ukraine

Bovine mastitis is the predominant cause for antimicrobial use on dairy farms and is a major source of economic losses in the dairy industry. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of common mastitis-causing pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (n = 62), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 46), and Escherichia coli (n = 129), were determined for dairy cattle with mastitis across 142 Ukrainian farms. The results showed that there were more gentamicin resistant S. aureus isolates (16.95%) identified in this study than previously reported for Ukrainian dairy cattle. Moreover, low levels of amoxicillin susceptibly (13.51%) were observed for St. agalactiae, which contrasted a previous study showing susceptibility levels of >50%. St. agalactiae resistance to tetracycline was observed in 80% of the isolates. Cephalosporin use was most ineffective against E. coli, with 43.27–56% of the isolates exhibiting this resistant trait. Overall, this study performed a preliminary analysis of antimicrobial resistance on mastitis isolates from Ukrainian farms. However, given the limited numbers of the isolates tested in this study and that the publications on antimicrobial resistance in animal husbandry of Ukraine are very few, more extensive investigations are needed to comprehensively examine susceptibility patterns of mastitis-causing pathogens in dairy cattle in Ukraine.

Download Full-text

Distribution of Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine in China

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.97254 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhe Zhang ◽

Feng Yang ◽

Xin-pu Li ◽

Jin-yin Luo ◽

Long-hai Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Economic Losses ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Background: Bovine mastitis, a global disease that is responsible for large economic losses each year due to lower milk yield and reduced milk quality. In some countries, especially in China, Streptococcus agalactiae has become one of the most frequently detected pathogen. Antibiotic treatment and vaccine immunization are important strategies for the control of infectious diseases. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate distribution of bovine mastitis pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of S. agalactiae, and contribute to the treatment of bovine mastitis.Materials, Methods & Results:Clinical mastitis samples (n= 1,122) were collected from 27 dairy farms located in 15 different provinces of China during 2012-2018. Thepathogens were identified by 16S rDNA method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disc diffusion method. Molecular characteristics was distinguished based on PCR. The results showed that the main pathogens were Streptococcus agalactiae (n= 324, 26.2%), Escherichia coli (n= 287, 23.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (n= 131, 10.6%). The serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae were serotype II (53.6%), Ia (44 %) and VII (1.2%), respectively. Streptococcus agalactiae were resistant to kanamycin (93.8%), gentamicin (49.4%), vancomycin (49.4%), tetracycline (35.8%), clindamycin (34.6%) and erythromycin (32.1%). The main resistance genes were ermA (53.1%) and ermB (85.2%). Resistance to erythromycin was attributed to the genes ermA (P < 0.05) and resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tetK, tetM, tetO (P < 0.01). The virulence genes scpB (81.4%), cyl (100%), glnA (76.6%), cfb (98.8%), hylB (98.8%), scaA (69.1%) were detected in almost all isolates.Discussion: In the present study, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the pathogens isolated most frequently from clinical mastitis. In the case of S. agalactiae, we performed capsular serotyping of isolates. As a result, serotype II (53.6%), Ia (44 %) and VII (1.2%) were detected whichrevealed variation in the distinct geographical areas. We found that serotypes (Ia and II) and β-hemolytic have significant correlation (P < 0.01) in all isolated strains. We made an assumption that either in processes of capsular and haemolytic appearance effected the expression of another. The unclear mechanism remains to be resolved in the future. Penicillin was recommended as a preferred antibiotic for the treatment of both human and bovine S. agalactiae infection. In the present study, resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were observed in 32% and 34.6% of our strains, respectively. The results indicated that the ermB gene was most frequent among the erythromycin-resistant S. agalactiae. However, we found that the susceptibility to erythromycin and gene ermA have a significant interaction, while susceptibility to erythromycin and gene ermB have a not significant interaction by analyzing the relationship of phenotypic and genotypic resistance. The severity of S. agalactiae infections may be determined by various virulence factors. Surface enzyme ScpB, a C5a peptidase, encode by scpB gene, could promote bacterial invasion of epithelial cells by attenuating recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the site of infection. In the present study, the scpB gene was found in 81.4% of all strains. The results suggested the cyl, cfb, hylB and scpB genes may play an important role in the virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae pathogens.

Download Full-text

The Effectiveness of Herbal Antibacterial Formulations Against Mastitis-Causing Bacteria in Dairy Cattle

ANIMAL PRODUCTION ◽

10.20884/1.jap.2021.23.3.78 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 151-159

Author(s):

Sari Suryanah ◽

Syifa Nurjannah

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Flower Extract ◽

Turmeric Extract ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Inhibitory Power ◽

Escherichia Coli Bacteria

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of antibacterial formulations derived from herbal plants against mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy cattle. Herbal extracts composed of betel leaves extract, kecombrang flower extract, and turmeric extract were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. The research was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using ten treatments and four replications at the Laboratory of Research and Testing, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University. The results showed that herbal antibacterial formulations could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli bacteria. The most inhibitory power was obtained from P8 treatment (50% betel leaves + 50% kecombrang flower + 50% turmeric) categorized in "strong inhibition." The percentage of antibacterial inhibition of P8 formulation compared to chloramphenicol was 32% against Staphylococcus aureus, 33% against Streptococcus agalactiae, and 31% against Escherichia coli. Conclusively, the best herbal antibacterial formulation was a combination of 50% betel leaves extract, 50% kecombrang flower extract, and 50% turmeric extract.

Download Full-text

Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Various Specimens among Mary Begg Health Facilities

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 41-52

Author(s):

Stephen Mwisiya Mubita ◽

Wila Simbile ◽

Barbara Mulunda

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

E Coli ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

Background: The ever-increasing magnitude of antimicrobial resistance encountered in human pathogens has led to limited treatment options for bacterial infections, consequently reducing antimicrobial efficacy while increasing treatment costs, morbidity, and mortality. In clinical setup, laboratory-based in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing is the cornerstone for guiding therapy and enables the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance trends. Aim: To characterize the distribution of bacteria isolated from various specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles in Mary Begg Health facilities. Material & Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive study that involved the review of 569 laboratory files from three Mary Begg Health facilities from the period of January 2019 to June 2020. A systematic random sampling method was used and SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The distribution of bacteria based on Gram stain reaction found that most bacteria that were isolated were Gram negative bacilli, 79.5% (171/215). The most common bacterium isolated was Escherichia coli, 46.5% (100/215) followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 12.1% (26/215) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 17 7.9% (17/215). The study found that E. coli was highly resistant to amoxicillin (95.0%), Ampicillin (90.0%) and Cotrimoxazole (77.0%), respectively. In contrast, E. coli was highly sensitive to Amikacin (96.0%), Ertapenem (91.0%) and Ceftriaxone (80.0%) S. aureus species isolated were sensitive to Gentamicin (65.4%) and Clindamycin (46.2%) but highly resistant to Cotrimoxazole (80.8%). Conclusion: The most frequent isolates were Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus aureus and majority of them were from urine specimens. Key words: Antimicrobial, Resistant, Antimicrobial Resistance, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Mary Begg Health services.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pathogen Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Milk in Transylvania, Romania

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12199 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 329

Author(s):

Cosmina Bouari ◽

George Nadas ◽

Flore Chirila ◽

Sorin Rapuntean ◽

Cornel Catoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Mastitis in cows, one of the most common and economically important infectious diseases of dairy cattle, all over the world, with significant impact due to economic losses, occurs when the udder becomes inflamed because the leukocytes are released into the mammary gland usually in response to bacteria invasion of the teat canal.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from milk in order to design specific control programs for bovine mastitis in this area.A total of 204 milk samples aseptically collected both from farms and private owners were processed during May 2014 and March 2016 within the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The microbiological examination was carried out by inoculation on blood agar and MacConkey medium. After the overnight incubation in aerobic conditions, the identification of the isolates was performed using microscopic, cultural and biochemical methods. Biochemical identification was based on API 20 Biomerieux system. Susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar; the antibiotics were represented by Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid, Ceftiofur, Florfenicol, Mastidiscs, Enrofloxacin, Penicillin and Tetracycline.Staphylococcus spp. was the most common isolated pathogen, in 54.9% of the specimens, followed by Streptococcus spp. in 20.1%, Escherichia coli in 10.78%, Klebsiella spp. in 8.34%, Bacillus spp. in 5.88%. The most frequent associations were represented by staphylococci-streptococci in 62.7% of the samples, followed by streptococci-bacillus in 19.8% of the samples. The most important etiological agents identified were Staphylococcus aureus, S uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for the total isolates revealed good sensitivity to Enrofloxacin, Mastidiscs and Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid. Resistance was observed for Penicillin and Tetracycline.The major mastitis pathogens identified was Staphylococcus aureus, while recurrent mastitis treatment was based on systemic and local administration of Enrofloxacin and Mastidiscs respectively.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Different Clinical Isolates against Third-Generation Cephalosporins

Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1155/2018/5070742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fanta Gashe ◽

Eshetu Mulisa ◽

Mekidim Mekonnen ◽

Gemechu Zeleke

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Generation Cephalosporin ◽

Third Generation ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Jimma University

Background. Drug resistant microorganisms lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality as they boost the risk of inappropriate therapy. Hence, data on antimicrobial resistance help define the best possible treatment for individual patients. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the antimicrobial resistant profile of 3rd generation cephalosporin drugs in Jimma University Specialized Teaching Hospital. Methods. A hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH) from April to August 2016. The clinical samples such as wound swab, urine, sputum, and stool were collected from hospitalized patients. Then, bacterial species were isolated and identified as per the standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using various antimicrobial discs by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Results. Totally, 248 bacterial isolates were obtained from 154 (62.1%) male and 94 (37.9%) female patients. Escherichia coli (25.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.0 %) were the predominant organisms isolated from specimens. About 140 (56.5%) and 149 (60.1%) of the total bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, respectively. The majority of Escherichia coli isolates 46 (73%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 41 (65%) of them were resistant to ceftazidime. Staphylococcus aureus, which accounted 19% of the total bacterial isolates, showed 23.4% and 34% resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, respectively. Among the bacterial strains revealing resistant to ceftriazone and ceftazidime, about 109 (44%) and 108 (43.5%) of them were resistant to two, three, or four other drugs, respectively. Conclusion. Bacterial resistance towards third-generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone and ceftazidime) is escalating as more than half of the isolated strains demonstrated resistance to these drugs. Moreover, these strains also revealed multidrug resistance mainly against clinically used drugs which could render therapy unsuccessful. Therefore, in clinical use appropriate medications should be selected based on the data obtained from antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Download Full-text

Risk factors associated with the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2014001000004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (10) ◽

pp. 947-952 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Daniele C. Beuron ◽

Cristina S. Cortinhas ◽

Bruno G. Botaro ◽

Susana N. Macedo ◽

Juliano L. Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Management Practices ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Treatment Procedures

The objective of this study was to evaluate herd management practices and mastitis treatment procedures as risk factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial resistance. For this study, 13 herds were selected to participate in the study to evaluate the association between their management practices and mastitis treatment procedures and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 1069 composite milk samples were collected aseptically from the selected cows in four different periods over two years. The samples were used for microbiological culturing of S. aureus isolates and evaluation of their antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 756 samples (70.7%) were culture-positive, and S. aureus comprised 27.77% (n=210) of the isolates. The S. aureus isolates were tested using the disk-diffusion susceptibility assay with the following antimicrobials: ampicillin 10mg; clindamycin 2μg; penicillin 1mg; ceftiofur 30μg; gentamicin 10mg; sulfa-trimethoprim 25μg; enrofloxacin 5μg; sulfonamide 300μg; tetracycline 30μg; oxacillin 1mg; cephalothin 30μg and erythromycin 5μg. The variables that were significantly associated with S. aureus resistance were as follows: the treatment of clinical mastitis for ampicillin (OR=2.18), dry cow treatment for enrofloxacin (OR=2.11) and not sending milk samples for microbiological culture and susceptibility tests, for ampicillin (OR=2.57) and penicillin (OR=4.69). In conclusion, the identification of risk factors for S. aureus resistance against various mastitis antimicrobials is an important information that may help in practical recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobial in milk production.

Download Full-text

Molecular Typing and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Recovered from Bovine Mastitis and Nasal Samples

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10112143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2143

Author(s):

Renata P. Santos ◽

Fernando N. Souza ◽

Ana Claudia D. Oliveira ◽

Antônio F. de Souza Filho ◽

Juliana Aizawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Aureus Strain ◽

Staphylococcal Protein A ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Intramammary Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

In the present study, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from transient and persistent intramammary infections and nares/muzzles in dairy cows. We investigated the antimicrobial resistance of 189 S. aureus strains using a broad antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Furthermore, 107 S. aureus isolates were strain-typed using staphylococcal protein-A (spa) typing. A large proportion of strains exhibited multidrug resistance to antimicrobials, including resistance to critically important antimicrobials, although no methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were found. Our study did not strengthen the idea that extramammary niches (i.e., nares/muzzles) are an important source of S. aureus for bovine mastitis. A discrepancy in the antimicrobial resistance between S. aureus strains isolated from nares/muzzles and milk samples was observed. Furthermore, S. aureus isolates from transient and persistent intramammary infections (IMIs) did not differ by spa typing, suggesting that the persistence of bovine IMIs was determined by cow factors. Thus, the high level of multidrug-resistant S. aureus found in the two herds, considered together with the predominance of a well udder-adapted S. aureus strain, may contribute to our knowledge of the history of the high prevalence of mastitis caused by S. aureus, which is of great concern for animal and public health.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Detection of Genes for Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1343 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Aksoy

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Mycoplasma Bovis ◽

A Cell ◽

Agar Dilution

Background: Mycoplasma bovis (Gram-positive bacteria) belongs the class Mollicutes and to the family Mycoplasmataceae (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009). It is a cell wall-less bacterium and are instead enveloped by a complex plasma membrane. In cattle, M. bovis is widely known causes various diseases, such respiratory disease, mastitis, arthritis and otitis.Methods: The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and identify the genes for antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma bovis PG45, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E.coli were subjected to test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics (Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor Cefalexin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Oxacilin, Amoxyclav, Rifampicin, Penicillin G and Tylosin). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antimicrobial agent was determined by applying an agar dilution method. Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify specific DNA fragments and thus to determine the presence or absence of a target gene (VspA, tet k and tetA). Result: Showed the MIC values and the presence of VspA, tetK and tetA in M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E. coli respectively.

Download Full-text

Susceptibilities of Corynebacterium bovis and Corynebacterium amylocolatum Isolates from Bovine Mammary Glands to 15 Antimicrobial Agents

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.44.12.3476-3477.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 3476-3477 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jeffrey L. Watts ◽

Silvia Rossbach

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Coryneform Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Data

ABSTRACT Coryneform bacteria are frequently isolated from bovine mastitis and are associated with economic losses. Generally, the MICs of the 15 antimicrobial agents tested at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited for 46 Corynebacterium bovis and 13Corynebacterium amylocolatum strains were low. These are the first quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility data available for coryneforms from bovine mastitis. Data from this study suggest that comparable corynebacteria from humans have a much higher level of antimicrobial resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents.

Download Full-text

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN KYIV CITY HOSPITALS, UKRAINE

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek201905107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 760-764

Author(s):

Aidyn G. Salmanov ◽

Olena A. Dyndar ◽

Yuriy P. Vdovychenko ◽

Tetiana R. Nykoniuk ◽

Igor V. Maidannyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Orthopedic Procedures ◽

Lower Segment ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Essential Step

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Scant information is available on the SSI in Ukrainian hospitals. The aim: to determine the incidence of SSIs and estimates antimicrobial resistance of the major responsible pathogens in Kyiv city hospitals. Materials and methods: This study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2013 in 3 hospitals. Definitions of SSIs were adapted from the CDC/NHSN. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of cultures were determined, using automated microbiology analyzer. Some antimicrobial susceptibility test used Kirby - Bauer antibiotic testing. Results: Among 9,162 patients, 1,912 (20.9%) SSIs were observed. The high SSI case in appendectomy (29.8 %), gastric, small and large bowel surgeries (28.4 %), cholelithiasis (25.7%), and orthopedic procedures (22.9 %). Low infection rate in excision of dermoid cysts, lipoma (5.3%) and lower segment caesarean structure (6.5%). Staphylococcus aureus were most commonly reported, accounting for 27,8% of all organisms, followed by Escherichia coli (18.4 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.9 %) and Enterococcus faecalis (11.6 %). The antimicrobial resistance in the isolates associated with SSIs showed, among the Gram-positive bacteria, that 43.8% and 4.7% of CoNS isolates were β-lactam (oxacillin) - and glycopeptide (teicoplanin) - resistant, respectively. Meticillin resistance was reported in 35.7 % of S. aureus isolates Conclusions: SSIs and antimicrobial resistance of the responsible pathogens is an actually problem. One essential step in the prevention of SSIs is to implement a national system for their surveillance.

Download Full-text