scholarly journals Present potential of exfoliative cytology in detection of cervix cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Sushila Jain ◽  
Anuj Paudel ◽  
S K Jain
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epithelial Lesions

  Introduction: Conventional Pap smear is the mainstay for cervical cancer screening in developing countries and women should be motivated for cervical screening program to detect early dysplastic cells. This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of abnormalities in Pap smears, particularly pattern of epithelial cell abnormality in women attending Lumbini Medical College in western Nepal.   Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out and 1066 Pap smears were studied to look for epithelial cell abnormality according to revised Bethesda system 2001.   Results: Out of 1066 patients who underwent Pap smear examination, 71 (6.6%) revealed epithelial cell abnormality; most were low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (LSIL) occupying 4.59% at the age between 23 to 29 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 0.37 % of patients at the age 40 years and above. In our scenario, per vaginal discharge was the major finding of the patients who showed premalignant features.   Conclusions: Women above 40 years are at a risk of premalignant as well as malignant lesions and these women should undergo screening for abnormal cells at the age of 18 or when sexual activity starts and as per recommendations to look for early dysplastic cells. Cervical screening program should be motivated by the national policy makers and also by health professionals.

“A Pap smear saved my life”: Personal experiences of cervical abnormalities shape attitudes to cervical screening renewal

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena M Obermair ◽  
Kirsten J McCaffery ◽  
Rachael H Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Screening Intervals

Objective In 2017, the Australian National Cervical Screening Program changed from two-yearly Pap smears between ages 18 and 69, to five-yearly human papillomavirus screening between ages 25 and 74 (the “Renewal”). This study investigated attitudes towards the changes, among individuals previously affected by cervical abnormalities/cervical cancer, personally or through a friend/relative. Methods We conducted a thematic analysis of comments expressing personal history or a family/friend history of cervical abnormalities/cervical cancer as a reason for opposing changes to the cervical screening program. The comments were taken from a 20% random sample of 19,633 comments posted on the “Change.org” petition “Stop May 1st Changes to Pap Smears – Save Women's Lives” in February–March 2017. Results There were 831 (20.8%) commenters who reported that they were concerned about a change in screening due to: feelings of increased personal vulnerability to cervical cancer due to their own personal history of cervical abnormalities; comparison of extended screening intervals and later age of first screening to their own experiences; and a perception of increased personal risk due to family history. Conclusion Women previously affected by cervical abnormalities or cervical cancer, personally or through a friend/relative, expressed concern about changes to cervical screening due to perceived increased risk and feeling vulnerable due to personal history.

scholarly journals Why women with advanced carcinoma cervix do not seek medical help early: a tertiary hospital based Indian study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Aastha Raheja ◽  
Krishna Agarwal ◽  
Anoosha K. Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Carcinoma Cervix ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Advanced Carcinoma

Background: Cervical cancer is a disease which claims maximum number of deaths in developing countries. Objective of this study was to understand the reason for delayed approach to medical help in women with advanced carcinoma cervix.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Information obtained from women with carcinoma cervix clinical stage IIb and above with proven histopathological diagnosis was recorded in the predetermined format.Results: Almost all the subjects were illiterate and were from lower socioeconomic strata and rural areas. None of them knew about the disease and its symptomatology. About 82% of the patients were symptomatic since 5-10 years however took no medical care during the period and 2/3rd of them even did not reveal their problem to any of the family members. About 79% of the subjects had never used any contraception and none had knowledge about its role in preventing infection. Majority of them (98%) had no idea about the role of PAP smear in screening carcinoma cervix. All of them said if they had knowledge about the disease, they would have sought medical help much earlier.Conclusions: The most important reason for delayed approach in our study was found to be lack of knowledge about the disease. Therefore, till such time that we have national screening program in place, these women who are at high risk of developing carcinoma of cervix should be targeted and educated through mass media so that these women could seek medical help in early stages.

scholarly journals Spectrum of cytological patterns in cervical PAP smears in a tertiary care center of Western region of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
Pragya Gautam Ghimire ◽  
Durga BC Rawat ◽  
Kavita Sinha ◽  
Kamar Jahan ◽  
Richa Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a common health problem in Nepal. There is paucity of data regarding the spectrum of findings in cervical Pap in western Nepal. This study was aimed to study the cytological patterns in cervical Pap smears in patients in a tertiary hospital of Nepal. Methods: This is a prospective, cross sectional, hospital based study. Clinical features of patients who had presented with Pap smear was noted in a structured proforma. Pap smears were studied by a senior pathologist and reported based on revised Bethesda system (2014). Results: Most of the cases belonged to 31-40 years 399 (42.8%). Unsatisfactory/ inadequate sample was present in 133(14.05%) with obscuration due to inflammatory exudate being most common cause. Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy rate was noted in 798 (85.54%) with 477(51.2%) being normal findings. Epithelial cell abnormalities were noted in 116 (14.5 %) smears. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion constituted 321(34.5%), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion 273(29.3 %) and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance 153(16.4%) of epithelial cell abnormalities. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 9(1%) of all reviewed smears. There was no statistical significance between the age and abnormalities of Pap smear (p=0.9). Conclusions: Pap smear is pivotal in cervical cancer screening in developing countries. It also identifies various inflammatory, infective, benign and malignant pathologies at the earliest thereby decreasing the morbidity and mortality.

The prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology among postnatal clinic attendees at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12568-e12568
Author(s):  
Boniface Uji Ago
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Gynecologic Oncology ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preventable Disease ◽  
Abnormal Cervical Cytology

e12568 Background: Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a deadly but preventable disease. It is still a major gynecologic problem in our subregion. Cervical cytology remains the key to its early detection and prompt treatment. Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study of postnatal women to determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology and their socio-demographic characteristics. Institutional ethical clearance and informed consent of participants were obtained. Aye's spatula and endocervical brush were used to collect specimen from the ectocervix and endocervix respectively and smeared on individually labelled glass slides. The samples were treated using the conventional Papanicolaou staining method and reported using the Bethesda system. Researcher-administered questionnaire generated data as well as results of cytology were analyzed using Epi-Info version 3.5.1.0 (CDC Atlanta USA 2008). Results: There were 100 women screened. Three percent had low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Colposcopy done, however, did not reveal abnormal findings. Ninety-five percent of the women had no prior knowledge of cervical cancer and Pap smear. Two percent of the women had a family history of cervical cancer and both patients died of the disease due to lack of facilities for treatment. Conclusions: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. Women in our subregion are under-screened. Effective screening methods are the mainstay in its prevention. Availability of well equipped gynecologic oncology centers with personnel training are a necessary end to this carnage.

scholarly journals A correlation study of cervical cytology on Pap smear with cervical biopsy in a tertiary hospital of Eastern Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1389-1392
Author(s):  
Nirajan Mainali ◽  
Neha Homagai ◽  
Niraj Nepal ◽  
Prabesh Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Carcinoma Cervix ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Cervical Biopsy

Background: Carcinoma cervix is among a curable cancer, if identified at an early stage. Pap smear is a simple, safe, noninvasive, outdoor and effective method for detection of lesions of the cervix but it fails to localize the lesion. Cervical biopsy, on the other hand is a gold standard but invasive technique.Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was done in Nobel medical college from January 16, 2017 to January 15, 2018 where all pap smears received in a Department of Pathology were included in the study. However, only cases that had undergone both Pap smear and cervical biopsy were compared. Out of the 1492 pap smears, 118 cases underwent biopsy. Correlation was then done regarding cytological and histological diagnosis.Results: Majority of the cytological findings were normal. 7 patients of HSIL revealed moderate dysplasia and higher lesions in biopsy. 2 cases were that of adenocarcinoma which were diagnosed as inflammatory smear in Pap smear.Conclusion: Cervical Pap smear is reliable screening test to identify high grade squamous cell lesions and carcinoma, but it fails to localize the lesion and adenocarcinoma is hard to identify in a pap smear. Hence, cervical biopsy should be carried out to confirm the findings of Pap smear and in case of strong clinical suspicion.

scholarly journals Pap smear in women with leucorrhea : Experience in a tertiary medical college hospital of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-254
Author(s):  
Mohammed Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
Shabnam Imam ◽  
Mst Sayedatun Nessa ◽  
Joyosree Saha ◽  
Farhana Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Epithelial Lesions ◽  
Genital Hygiene ◽  
Epithelial Lesion

Background : Poor genital hygiene has been responsible for high prevalence of excessive vaginal discharge. Leucorrhoea is the clinical evidence of infection and can be treated satisfactorily whenever diagnosed. Occurrence of various cervical epithelial lesion associated with discharge can be easily prevented if detected early. Majority of the patients with various cervical epithelial lesion attending in the hospital present with varying degree of vaginal discharge and cytological cellular aberrations in the cervical epithelium.Objective : The aim of the present study is to observe the various patterns of cervical epithelial lesions in cytopathology and associated infections in patients with Leucorrhoea.Methodology : This observational study was done over a period of ten months in Popular Medical college hospitals of Bangladesh. A total of 230 cases were included in the study with women of age range 15-45 years, complaining of leucorrhoea. After a thorough vaginal examination Pap smears were taken and immediately fixed in absolute alcohol and stained according to the papanicolaous technique. The cytopathological changes observed in the cervical smears were graded according to the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology.Results : Out of 230 cases the cytological patterns were found Normal in 4 (1.7%), Inflammatory 204 (88.3%), Low grade squamous intraepithelial (LSIL)10 (4.8%), High grade squamous intraepithelial (HSIL) 6(2.6%), Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) 6 (2.6%) and the distribution of different types of pathogens detected were Trichomonas 33 (70.62%), Candida albicans 19 (40.66%).Conclusion : In this study significant numbers of Leucorrhoea patients were detected with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in which LSIL (Low grade squamous intraepithelial) was higher. Associated infections were Trichomonas and Candida albicans. Therefore cytological screening for early detection of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion is essential routine medical examination for Leucorrhoea patients in gynaecological practice.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.9(1) July 2017: 252-254

scholarly journals Significance of Reporting Cannon Balls in Diagnosing Bacterial Vaginosis Infection in PAP Smear

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Kricha Pande ◽  
Shraddha Koirala ◽  
Astha Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of vaginitis. It is caused by depopulation of lactobacilli from the normal vaginal flora and overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic species. Pap smear being a screening and diagnostic tool for malignancy, is equally important to diagnose infective pathology as well. This study tried to establish the significance of reporting the presence of cannon balls in Pap smears and whether their presence suggested bacterial vaginosis or not. This was a cross sectional study conducted at Nepal Medical College, Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Kathmandu for duration of one year (January 2020 to December 2020). Pap smears were sent from gynaecology department and standard routine Pap stain was done in Pathology Department. Presence of bacterial vaginosis and cannon balls were noted. Total of 799 Pap smears were received. The mean age of bacterial vaginosis was 38.2 ± 9.6 years. The age group of 31-40 years (n=32, 39%) was most commonly affected. Bacterial vaginosis was seen in 81 pap smears out of 799 pap smears. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 10.1%. Of the total of 799 cases of Pap smears, cannon balls were seen in 9.1% cases and among the bacterial vaginosis, cannon balls were seen in 48% cases. There was significant association between cannonballs and bacterial vaginosis (p < 0.0001). Thus, the present study re-enforces the fact that Pap smear is also very effective tool to diagnose bacterial vaginosis.

scholarly journals Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening Services among Women in Vhembe District, South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-463
Author(s):  
Elisa N. Vhuromu ◽  
Daniel T. Goon ◽  
Maria S. Maputle ◽  
Rachel T. Lebese ◽  
Benedine U. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Services ◽  
Vhembe District

Aim:Screening for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer is a cornerstone of prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the awareness in women about the utilization of cervical cancer screening services in Vhembe District, South Africa.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved a random selection of 500 women aged 20-59 years in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data was collectedviaa self-structured questionnaire on the demographic variables, provision, utilization and awareness of cervical cancer screening services.Results:The majority of the participants agreed to have cervical cancer screening services in their clinics (79.2%), and never had a Pap smear (58.6%). Most women would not go for cervical cancer screening, mainly because of a lack of facilities (30.0%), fear of pain (24.4%), and embarrassment (15.2%). Most participants indicated that Pap smear test meant scraping the cervix to detect abnormal cancerous cells (39.2%) and 34.2% did not know a Pap smear. Majority of the participants indicated Pap smears should be done every 10 years (65.8%); Pap smears could detect cervical cancer earlier (66.8%), and had heard about cervical cancer (71.6%). The majority of the participants considered cervical cancer as a serious problem to warrant considerable attention (59.4%); and some perceived cervical cancer as transmittable through multiple sexual partners (22.2%). The majority of the participants were aware of a vaccine against cervical cancer for girls at school (69.0%), and it was indicated that government should use health education to encourage women to attend cervical screening services (51.6%).Conclusion:Despite the free availability of cervical cancer screening services and awareness, the utilization of cervical cancer screening services is low. There is a need to intensify cervical screening health talks and campaigns, and to provide alternative accessible options for screening services for women in rural areas.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cervical Cancer Screening at Patan Hospital Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Laxmi RC ◽  
Prashanti Shrestha ◽  
Binita Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Lower Abdominal Pain ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion

Background: Cervical cancer is among the most common cancer in women of Nepal. This disease undergoes a state of prolong premalignant state during which it can be detected and treated effectively. Papanicolaou (pap) smear is an effective method of identifying premalignant disease and with this there has been more than 90 percent decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to analyse the pattern of Pap smear screening at Patan hospital. Methods: This is a population based retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Patan hospital, Lagankhel. The study population includes women with gynaecological symptoms who required Pap smear screening over a period of two years. The pap smear data were collected and statistical analysis was done. Results: Among 1993 smear studied, only 89 reports had some form of intraepithelial lesion. The most prevalent lesion was low grade intraepithelial lesion (49.43%) whereas the least common was Atypical glandular cells (1.12%). The highest number of respondent were in the age of 30 – 40 years whereas the lowest was in the group of age less than 20 years. The patient who had abnormal epi­thelial lesions had multiple symptoms like vaginal discharge, vulval itching and lower abdominal pain. Conclusions: Pap smear screening should be started by the age of 21 and should be done in all women with any gynaecological symptoms.

scholarly journals Comparative study of papanicolaou smear and colposcopy in the evaluation of cervical lesions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2400
Author(s):  
Priyanka Mohan ◽  
Lakshmidevi M. ◽  
Shreedhar Venkatesh
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Punctate Pattern

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer among females. Study aims to critically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of colposcopy versus papanicolaou (Pap) smear in the early detection of dysplasias. Its secondary objective to correlate the findings in the evaluation of unhealthy cervix by cytology, colposcopy and colposcopy guided biopsy.Methods: This was a tertiary care teaching hospital based, prospective, cross sectional study done in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, conducted on 200 women attending Gynaecology OPD.Results: PAP smear was taken for all 200 patients. 73% of smear was found to be normal, 11% showed inflammatory atypia, 9% showed low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 3.5% showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and 3.5% showed High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL). Among the 200 cases studied, 38% (76/200) were diagnosed as colposcopically abnormal. Among the abnormal cases, AW areas were diagnosed in 4%. Punctate pattern of vessels was seen in 5% of women. Normal findings was present in 62%, Erosion cervix in 6%, inflammatory changes were seen in 6% and polyps were diagnosed in 7.5%, leucoplakia was found in 2% and unsatisfactory colposcopy finding was seen in 4% and underwent endocervical curettage. 32 cases out of 200 women were positive on Pap smear. 66 out of 200 women were positive on Biopsy. Pap smear was positive in 22 out of 66 biopsy proven positive cases.Conclusions: The commonest presenting complaint was vaginal discharge (182/200; 91% of the patients. the PAP smear  is found to have sensitivity of 33.33%  and specificity of 92.54%. colposcopy is found to have sensitivity of 81.82%  and specificity of 82.84%.

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