scholarly journals Detection and localization of atypical porcine pestivirus in the testicles of naturally infected, CT-affected piglets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Dénes ◽  
Inés Ruedas-Torres ◽  
Anna Szilasi ◽  
Gyula Balka
Keyword(s):  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Detection And Localization ◽  
Congenital Tremor

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. Recently, APPV has been identified as the causative agent of congenital tremor (CT) type AII. The disease is a neurological disorder that affects newborn piglets and is characterized by mostly generalized trembling of the animals and often splay legs. CT is well known worldwide, and the virus seems to be highly prevalent in major swine producing areas. However, little is known about the epidemiology of the infection, the transmission and spread of the virus between herds. Here, we show the high prevalence of APPV in processing fluid samples collected from Hungarian pig herds which led us to investigate the cellular targets of the virus in the testicles of newborn piglets affected by CT. By the development of an RNA in situ hybridization assay and the use of immunohistochemistry on consecutive slides, we identified the target cells of APPV in the testicle: interstitial Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells and endothelial cells of medium-sized arteries. Previous studies have shown that APPV can be found in the semen of sexually mature boars suggesting the role of infected boars and their semen in the transmission of the virus similar to many other members of the Flaviviridae family. As in our case, the virus has not been identified in cells beyond the blood-testis barrier, further studies on infected adult boars’ testicles are needed to analyze the possible changes in the cell tropism that enable the virus to be excreted by the semen.

scholarly journals Identification of Chromosomes and Chromosome Rearrangements in Crop Brassicas and Raphanus sativus: A Cytogenetic Toolkit Using Synthesized Massive Oligonucleotide Libraries

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Agrawal ◽  
Mehak Gupta ◽  
Surinder S. Banga ◽  
JS (Pat) Heslop-Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
Bioinformatic Pipeline ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Family

Crop brassicas include three diploid [Brassica rapa (AA; 2n = 2x = 16), B. nigra (BB; 2n = 2x = 18), and B. oleracea (CC; 2n = 2x = 20)] and three derived allotetraploid species. It is difficult to distinguish Brassica chromosomes as they are small and morphologically similar. We aimed to develop a genome-sequence based cytogenetic toolkit for reproducible identification of Brassica chromosomes and their structural variations. A bioinformatic pipeline was used to extract repeat-free sequences from the whole genome assembly of B. rapa. Identified sequences were subsequently used to develop four c. 47-mer oligonucleotide libraries comprising 27,100, 11,084, 9,291, and 16,312 oligonucleotides. We selected these oligonucleotides after removing repeats from 18 identified sites (500–1,000 kb) with 1,997–5,420 oligonucleotides localized at each site in B. rapa. For one set of probes, a new method for amplification or immortalization of the library is described. oligonucleotide probes produced specific and reproducible in situ hybridization patterns for all chromosomes belonging to A, B, C, and R (Raphanus sativus) genomes. The probes were able to identify structural changes between the genomes, including translocations, fusions, and deletions. Furthermore, the probes were able to identify a structural translocation between a pak choi and turnip cultivar of B. rapa. Overall, the comparative chromosomal mapping helps understand the role of chromosome structural changes during genome evolution and speciation in the family Brassicaceae. The probes can also be used to identify chromosomes in aneuploids such as addition lines used for gene mapping, and to track transfer of chromosomes in hybridization and breeding programs.

scholarly journals Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alais M. Dall Agnol ◽  
Alice F. Alfieri ◽  
Amauri A. Alfieri
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Type A ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
The Family ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
Congenital Tremor

The atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) belongs to the species Pestivirus K of the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae, and it has been associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Although APPV was discovered in 2015, evidence shows that APPV has circulated in pig herds for many years, at least since 1986. Due to the frequently reported outbreaks of CT on different continents, the importance of this virus for global pig production is notable. Since 2015, several studies have been conducted to clarify the association between APPV and CT. However, some findings regarding APPV infection and the measures taken to control and prevent the spread of this virus need to be contextualized to understand the infection better. This review attempts to highlight advances in the understanding of APPV associated with type A-II CT, such as etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control and prevention measures, and also describes the pathophysiology of the infection and its consequences for pig production. Further research still needs to be conducted to elucidate the host’s immune response to APPV infection, the control and prevention of this infection, and the possible development of vaccines.

scholarly journals Microarray and Functional Gene Analyses of Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes in Low-Sulfate, Acidic Fens Reveal Cooccurrence of Recognized Genera and Novel Lineages

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 6998-7009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Loy ◽  
Kirsten Küsel ◽  
Angelika Lehner ◽  
Harold L. Drake ◽  
Michael Wagner
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
The Family ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Microarray Analyses

ABSTRACT Low-sulfate, acidic (approximately pH 4) fens in the Lehstenbach catchment in the Fichtelgebirge mountains in Germany are unusual habitats for sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRPs) that have been postulated to facilitate the retention of sulfur and protons in these ecosystems. Despite the low in situ availability of sulfate (concentration in the soil solution, 20 to 200 μM) and the acidic conditions (soil and soil solution pHs, approximately 4 and 5, respectively), the upper peat layers of the soils from two fens (Schlöppnerbrunnen I and II) of this catchment displayed significant sulfate-reducing capacities. 16S rRNA gene-based oligonucleotide microarray analyses revealed stable diversity patterns for recognized SRPs in the upper 30 cm of both fens. Members of the family “Syntrophobacteraceae” were detected in both fens, while signals specific for the genus Desulfomonile were observed only in soils from Schlöppnerbrunnen I. These results were confirmed and extended by comparative analyses of environmentally retrieved 16S rRNA and dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (dsrAB) gene sequences; dsrAB sequences from Desulfobacca-like SRPs, which were not identified by microarray analysis, were obtained from both fens. Hypotheses concerning the ecophysiological role of these three SRP groups in the fens were formulated based on the known physiological properties of their cultured relatives. In addition to these recognized SRP lineages, six novel dsrAB types that were phylogenetically unrelated to all known SRPs were detected in the fens. These dsrAB sequences had no features indicative of pseudogenes and likely represent novel, deeply branching, sulfate- or sulfite-reducing prokaryotes that are specialized colonists of low-sulfate habitats.

scholarly journals Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus genome in newborn piglets affected by congenital tremor and high preweaning mortality1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4093-4100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylee M Sutton ◽  
Kevin K Lahmers ◽  
Seth P Harris ◽  
Hiruni R Wijesena ◽  
Benny E Mote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Porcine Teschovirus ◽  
Congenital Tremor ◽  
Porcine Sapelovirus

Abstract Recently, piglets from a high-health status farm began exhibiting congenital tremors, high preweaning mortality and incidence of splayed legs. Postmortem histological examination identified a small number of scattered white matter vacuoles in the cerebellum and underlying brainstem of affected piglets. Presence of potential viral sources associated with this neurologic condition was initially infirmed using quantitative PCR for atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), porcine teschovirus, and porcine sapelovirus. Using metagenomic analysis, APPV was identified as the main microbial species in serum obtained from piglets affected by congenital tremor. These piglets had higher preweaning mortality rates (46.4% vs. 15.3%) and incidence of splayed legs (33.0% vs. 0.8 %) compared to unaffected piglets. Piglets affected by congenital tremor had higher viral titer (P < 0.15) and larger birth weights (P < 0.05) compared to normal litter mates. Whole-genome sequencing and genome assembly of the novel APPV strain (MK728876) was carried out using Oxford Nanopore and related bioinformatics pipelines. Phylogenic analysis demonstrated that this strain along with other completely sequenced APPV strains were grouped into 2 clades, both including strains-inducing congenital tremor. Strains appear to cluster based on region but there were still significant differences within regions. Future research needs to address potential underdiagnosis due to genetic diversity but also to understand mode of transmission, variation in virulence, and the role of host genetics in APPV susceptibility.

scholarly journals Role of Steroids and Other Immunomodulators in Treatment of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 746-755
Author(s):  
M. Rakshna ◽  
A. S. Arunkumar ◽  
Laya Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Repressor Proteins ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
To Come ◽  
Antibody Cocktail

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID- 19), the newly discovered infectious disease is caused by an infection with a novel virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2-infected cells produce substances that can induce injury to lung cells as the focus of initiation of COVID-19 during the incubation period. These substances bind to receptors on the target cells. Corticosteroids bind to specific intracellular cytoplasmic receptors in target tissues.  The receptor hormone recruits co-activator or co-repressor proteins after dimerizing. In severe COVID-19 patients develop a systemic inflammatory response that leads to lung injury and multisystem organ dysfunction. Even though evidence consistently supporting the use of steroids in ARDS and pneumonia is hard to come by the potent anti-inflammatory effects of steroids are postulated to prevent the deleterious effects of the severe inflammation seen in COVID pneumonia. A monoclonal antibody cocktail consisting of Casirivimab and Imdevimab is another promising therapeutic option in patients at high risk of deterioration. Used early in the disease process they prevent hospitalization and further morbidity.

scholarly journals P74 Mediates Specific Binding of Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occlusion-Derived Virus to Primary Cellular Targets in the Midgut Epithelia of Heliothis virescens Larvae

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (13) ◽  
pp. 6786-6791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Haas-Stapleton ◽  
Jan O. Washburn ◽  
Loy E. Volkman
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Virescens ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Autographa Californica ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Cellular Targets

ABSTRACT P74, an envelope protein of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), is critical for oral infection of Trichoplusia ni larvae. The role of P74 during primary infection, however, is unknown. Here we provide evidence that P74 facilitates binding of AcMNPV ODV to a specific receptor within the larval midgut epithelia of another host species, Heliothis virescens. We adapted a fluorescence dequenching assay to compare binding, fusion, and competition of wild-type AcMNPV ODV in vivo with itself and with the ODV of a p74-deficient AcMNPV mutant. We found that relative to wild-type ODV, binding and fusion of ODV deficient in P74 were both qualitatively and quantitatively different. Unlike wild-type ODV, an excess of P74-deficient ODV failed to compete effectively with wild-type ODV binding, and the overall binding level of the mutant ODV was one-third that of the wild type. These results implicated P74 as an ODV attachment protein that binds to a specific receptor on primary target cells within the midgut.

scholarly journals Histopathologic aspects in Plagioscion squamosissimus (HECKEL, 1940) induced by Neoechinorhynchus veropesoi, metacestodes and anisakidae juveniles

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo ◽  
Rogério Antonio Ribeiro Rodrigues ◽  
Elane Guerreiro Giese ◽  
Scott Lyell Gardner ◽  
Jeannie Nascimento dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Muscularis Mucosa ◽  
External Capsule ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Host Parasite

Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel 1840), a fish endemic to the Amazon Basin and commonly known as the “silver croaker”, plays an important role in the ecology and economy of Pará State, Brazil. Knowledge of host-parasite relationships is important to understanding the role of parasites in the control of natural host populations. This work describes histopathological aspects caused by several common intestinal parasites found during a helminthological survey of fish in northern Brazil. We observed a high prevalence of helminth infection, especially by J3 nematode juveniles of the family Anisakidae and metacestodes of the family Protocephalidae (both with 100% prevalence). An external capsule surrounded each juvenile with numerous juveniles inside sac-like structures formed of connective tissue. Inflammation was observed to be caused by infection of metacestodes, reaching the intestinal muscularis mucosa. Neoechinorhynchus veropesoi (38% prevalence) was found in the small intestine of P. squamosissimus, invading the mucosa, submucosa, and internal muscularis of the intestine causing intense inflammation. Histopathology of host-parasite relationships in fish has been rare, and the pathology of parasites in P. squamosissimus is described herein.

scholarly journals Differential hypomethylation of the repetitive Tol2/Alu-rich sequences in the genome of Bodianus species (Labriformes, Labridae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clóvis C. Motta-Neto ◽  
André Marques ◽  
Gideão W.W.F. Costa ◽  
Marcelo B. Cioffi ◽  
Luiz A.C. Bertollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Region ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Methylation Pattern ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
The Family ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

Representatives of the order Labriformes show karyotypes of extreme conservatism together with others with high chromosomal diversification. However, the cytological characterization of epigenetic modifications remains unknown for the majority of the species. In the family Labridae, the most abundant fishes on tropical reefs, the genomes of the genus Bodianus Bloch, 1790 have been characterized by the occurrence of a peculiar chromosomal region, here denominated BOD. This region is exceptionally decondensed, heterochromatic, argentophilic, GC-neutral and, in contrast to classical secondary constrictions, shows no signals of hybridization with 18S rDNA probes. In order to characterize the BOD region, the methylation pattern, the distribution of Alu and Tol2 retrotransposons and of 18S and 5S rDNA sites, respectively, were analyzed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) on metaphase chromosomes of two Bodianus species, B.insularis Gomon & Lubbock, 1980 and B.pulchellus (Poey, 1860). Immunolocalization of the 5-methylcytosine revealed hypermethylated chromosomal regions, dispersed along the entire length of the chromosomes of both species, while the BOD regions exhibited a hypomethylated pattern. Hypomethylation of the BOD region is associated with the precise co-location of Tol2 and Alu elements, suggesting their active participation in the regulatory epigenetic process. This evidence underscores a probable differential methylation action during the cell cycle, as well as the role of Tol2/Alu elements in functional processes of fish genomes.

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

Non-Normative Events and Family Functioning: The Role of the Family Psychologist

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Harway ◽  
◽  
Nancy Boyd-Franklin ◽  
Robert Geffner ◽  
Marsali Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Functioning ◽  
The Family
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