scholarly journals Technology for extraction and transportation of coniferous stumps = Technology for extraction and transportation of coniferous stumps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Agris Zimelis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Wood Energy ◽  
Soil Preparation

Zimelis A. Technology for extraction and transportation of coniferous stumps: PhD thesis - Salaspils: Latvian State Forest Institute (LSFI) ‘Silava’ and Jelgava: Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020, 75 p. The thesis contains of 19 tables and 29 figures. Stump harvesting has been well studied in Scandinavian countries. More detailed studies on stumps as a renewable wood energy resource have been carried out since 1970ies. From the beginning this type of wood resource was linked with planned supply materials for pulp mills. For instance, in Finland for the last couple of decades the extraction of stump wood is carried out as a source for biofuel where in 2005 more than 0.4 mil m3 of raw material was used in the cogeneration cycle. First extensive studies in Latvia were done in 2006 where experimental stump harvesting have been performed in JSC ‘Latvian State Forests’ and LLC ‘Rīgas Meži’. In the past this raw material was used in chemical industry for extraction of rosin, turpentine and their further refined products. In this thesis the assessment of available stump wood energy resources was made using the data from State forest register (SFR) and National forest inventory (NFI). After summarizing abovementioned data, more than 103 thousand GWh of primary energy resource from stumps in clear-cuts of coniferous have been detected. Technically extracted annual amount of primary energy corresponds to 349 GWh. According to the Latvian forest typology largest amount of biomass was detected in Hylocomiosa and Oxalidosa forest types. The majority of available resources 62% can be obtained in state forests and 38% in other forests. To characterize the efficiency of stump extraction in common technological process, in this study all previous studied sites where stump harvesting for biofuel purposes was performed in the territory of Latvia. In total data from 3022 stumps were included. During the modelling process, in which energy efficiency parameters were detected, a need for additional information on soil preparation and stump harvesting was detected. Furthermore, theoretical calculations were started to model the stump operational process under different scenarios. These calculations were based on theoretical mechanical rules where technical stability is detectable, which is mainly depended on diameter on removable stump and site-specific location. Mostly, these two factors are crucial, where technical parameters such as excavator unladen weight, required hydraulic flow and other important parameters should be changed. Based on abovementioned calculation, in this study the elaboration and approbation of particular methods for stump pulling and crushing was done. In the result of this study, it is suggested that the most effective technological approach of stump extraction using MCR 500 II stump lifting head (in additional, this feature is made in Latvia) with medium class forwarder (in this particular study John Deere 810D forwarder is included). Furthermore, for stump grinder it is suggested to use, for instance, CBI Magnum Force 6800P where delivery of grinded wood to the final consumer would be performed by the truck with a capacity at least 90 m3 (in this study the Volvo FM truck is included). The use of this technology scheme, the total amount of energy efficiency factor ir 3.9. This explains the fact that the amount of energy obtained from further use of the wood extracted from stumps will be higher compared to the amount of energy supplied in the extraction process. The main results of the thesis are published in 11 scientific papers and based on research results two Latvian patents have been developed and approved for stump pull and crush, and soil preparation as a part of forestry technology.

scholarly journals Yield Evaluation and Primary Energy Assessment of the Jatropha curcas Oil Extraction Process for Use as a Biofuel in Engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Fredy Torres Mejía ◽  
Juan Alexander Torres Mejía ◽  
Henry Edgardo Maradiaga Galeano ◽  
Claudia López Toro
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Shell Weight ◽  
Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
The One ◽  
Jatropha Cake

The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of the extraction and mechanical filtering of Jatropha curcas oil and to evaluate the primary energy of the raw material resulting from the process, this is a qualitative-quantitative study of transversal order based on measurements and analysis of the process in situ: The following factors were evaluated as factors: weight of oil per seed processed, weight of pressed cake, and measurements in the filtering process, from which a balance of matter of the process used was constructed, and the energy valuation of the oil and pressed cake, energy was used as the response variable, measured in Tons of Oil Equivalent (TEP), Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BEP), and tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Ton CO2eq). The seed used is Creole, the one existing in the area, the extraction was carried out in a KEK-P0101 press, and a KEK-F0090 filter. The collected seeds were dried and then discarded, the average shell weight is 40% of the total weight of the dry seed, from the oil extraction process a yield of 18.6% was obtained using seed with 5.8% humidity, and from the oil filtering process, when it passed through the filter, no weight loss in kg was obtained; finally, the equivalent primary energy valuation of one ton of oil is 39076. 39 MJTon-1, which is equivalent to 0.94 TEP, 2.90 Ton CO2 eq, and 20.87 BEP; in the same way one ton of Jatropha cake represents 15969.30 MJ, equivalent to 0.38 TEP, 1.18 Ton CO2 eq, and 8. 53 BEP, and the total primary energy between one ton of oil and one ton of Jatropha cake after oil extraction together contain 55045.61 MJTon-1, equivalent to 1.32 TEP, 4.08 Ton CO2 eq, and 29.41 BEP.

scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) using Microwave with CaO Catalyst from Eggshell Waste: Optimization of Transesterification Process Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1185-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansori Ansori ◽  
Sasmitha Ayu Wibowo ◽  
Heri Septya Kusuma ◽  
Donny Satria Bhuana ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Power ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Modern Method ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum ◽  
Fuel Resource ◽  
Eggshell Waste

AbstractFossil fuel is the main energy resource in Indonesia with oil as the dominant fuel (44.1% of primary energy consumption) in 2017. But fossil fuel is not environmentally friendly and non-renewable. Thus, there is a need for alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Biodiesel from nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil can provide a promising future as a renewable fuel resource. The used of CaO catalyst from eggshell waste is also profitable, and microwave radiation can help the biodiesel production process run more effectively. Optimization of parameters such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, and transesterification time was performed by using Box-Behnken design. Combinations between biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with CaO catalyst using microwave and treated with Box-Behnken design is considered a new and modern method with optimization of the parameters which affect the transesterification process. The result showed that at a microwave power of 325.24 W, a concentration of catalyst of 3.88%, and a transesterification time of 12.47 min can produce an optimal yield of biodiesel of 98.9079% with the reliability of 92.37%.

Low-Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen by Sorption-Enhanced Reaction

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas P Harrison ◽  
Zhiyong Peng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Impurity Level ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Enhanced Production

Hydrogen is an increasingly important chemical raw material and a probable future primary energy carrier. In many current and anticipated applications the carbon monoxide impurity level must be reduced to low-ppmv levels to avoid poisoning catalysts in downstream processes. Methanation is currently used to remove carbon monoxide in petroleum refining operations while preferential oxidation (PROX) is being developed for carbon monoxide control in fuel cells. Both approaches add an additional step to the multi-step hydrogen production process, and both inevitably result in hydrogen loss. The sorption enhanced process for hydrogen production, in which steam-methane reforming, water-gas shift, and carbon dioxide removal reactions occur simultaneously in the presence of a nickel-based reforming catalyst and a calcium-based carbon dioxide sorbent, is capable of producing high purity hydrogen containing minimal carbon monoxide in a single processing step. The process also has the potential for producing pure CO2 that is suitable for subsequent use or sequestration during the sorbent regeneration step. The current research on sorption-enhanced production of low-carbon monoxide hydrogen is an extension of previous research in this laboratory that proved the feasibility of producing 95+% hydrogen (dry basis), but without concern for the carbon monoxide concentration. This paper describes sorption-enhanced reaction conditions – temperature, feed gas composition, and volumetric feed rate – required to produce 95+% hydrogen containing low carbon monoxide concentrations suitable for direct use in, for example, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

Simulation of Combustion and Thermal-Flow Inside a Petroleum Coke Rotary Calcining Kiln: Part 1—Process Review and Modeling

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zexuan Zhang ◽  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Petroleum Coke ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Thermal Flow ◽  
Moisture Evaporation ◽  
Important Material ◽  
Coke Fines ◽  
Carbon Anodes

Calcined coke is an important material for making carbon anodes for smelting of alumina to aluminum. Calcining is an energy intensive industry and a significant amount of heat is wasted in the calcining process. Efficiently managing this energy resource is tied to the profit margin and survivability of a calcining plant. To help improve the energy efficiency of the calcining process, a 3-D computational model is developed to gain insight of the thermal-flow and combustion behavior in the calciner. Comprehensive models are employed to simulate the moving petcoke bed with moisture evaporation, devolatilization, and coke fines combustion with a conjugate radiation-convection-conduction calculation.

Optimization of Microwave Extraction Process by Response Surface Methodology of Flavonoids from Tussilago farfara L.

2013 ◽  
Vol 763 ◽  
pp. 246-249
Author(s):  
Xiao Song ◽  
Peng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Microwave Extraction ◽  
Water Solvent ◽  
Tussilago Farfara ◽  
Optimum Extraction

Flavonoids from Tussilago farfara L. was extracted with the assistance of microwave.Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize extraction time; microwave power and ratio of water to raw material to obtain a high flavonoids yield.The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 73.3% ethanol-water solvent, time 16.25 min and ratio of solvent to raw material 36.2ml/g.The yield of flavonoids was 11.37% based on the above mentioned conditions.

scholarly journals Intensification of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Andryushayev ◽  
Olena Ruban ◽  
Yuliia Maslii ◽  
Inna Rusak
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acorus Calamus ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Ultrasonic Action ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Temperature Time

The aim. To determine the intensified method of extraction of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves and optimal conditions for the process. Materials and methods. In order to develop the optimal intensified method of extraction samples were prepared in different conditions of raw materials-extractant ratio, temperature, time and multiplicity. As a raw materials spectrophotometrically pre-standardized Acorus calamus leaves were used. The extraction was carried out in a hermetically sealed ultrasonic extraction reactor PEX 1 (REUS, Contes, France). As the criteria of extraction efficiency were indicators of dry residue and total amount of flavonoids determined using methods described in State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The amount of flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically on a certified device Specord 200 (Analytik Jena, Germany). Results. According to our research results it was found that ultrasonic action and addition of surfactant significantly improves the efficiency of the extraction process. The optimal conditions for the process were determined. Experimentally proved that the rational raw material-extractant ratio is 1:15. Comparative study of the extraction process with different temperatures showed that the highest amount of extractives is achieved at temperature 70 °C and 45 min of duration. The optimal extraction multiplicity is 3. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the intensified extraction method for Acorus calamus leaves – re-maceration with ultrasound – was established. The conducted researches allowed to develop the method of extraction, expedient in the conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS BY CARBON DIOXIDE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gafurov ◽  
B. Muhammadiev ◽  
Sh. Mirzaeva ◽  
F. Kuldosheva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Laboratory Setup

The unique properties of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent are widely used for extraction. In supercritical media, the dissolution of molecules of various chemical nature is possible. The purpose of this investigation was to study the extraction process and obtain extracts from valuable regional plant materials by applying CO2 extraction under pre- and supercritical conditions. The objects of research were: ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberry and jida flowers. For extraction, a laboratory setup was used that allows extraction when the CO2 is supplied by a high-pressure plunger pump in the sub- and supercritical state using a heat pump. The pressure range is 3-15 MPa, temperatures 295–330 K, and the volumetric flow rate above the critical CO2 is 800–900 g. Experiments with ground seeds of melon and pumpkin showed that as a result of 4 sequentially performed extraction cycles on a single load with supercritical CO2 parameters ( 315–330 K; 3–7.5 MPa) the decrease in the mass of melon seeds was 90 g (pumpkins 80 g). During the total extraction time (2.5 hours), 20 kg of CO2 were pumped through the reactor (25 l at 290 K and 6.8 MPa), while the average oil content in the extract was 4 g per 1 kg of CO2 (3.0 g per 1 l of SС-CO2) In experiments with jida flowers, the maximum amount of solid extractable substance (2% by weight of the raw material) was obtained at a temperature in the extractor of 308 K and a pressure of 7.5 MPa. Upon extraction under critical conditions in collection 2, the liquid phase was absent; only a yellow-green paste was released in it. According to the results of experiments with mint leaves, the maximum yield of a greenish liquid was observed at T = 315 K and P = 4 MPa., Mulberry - at T = 306 K and P = 6.0 MPa. The results of the extraction of oils and extracts from ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberries and jida flowers confirm that the maximum yield of the extracted substance is achieved with supercritical CO2 parameters in the extractor (310 K, 7.5 MPa). When liquid CO2 is extracted (300 K and 6-8 MPa), up to 2% of a yellow substance is extracted, which does not differ in appearance from a supercritical extract.

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