scholarly journals A comparative study to identify a suitable model of ownership for Iran football pro league clubs

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-47
Author(s):  
Saeed Amirnejad ◽  
Ali Reza Elahi ◽  
Hossein Akbari Yazdi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Trust Model ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Partnership Model ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
The Government

Today the government ownership of the professional football clubs is absolutely illogical view point. Most of sports clubs are conducted by private sector using different models of ownership all over the world. In Iran, government credits benefit was main reason that the professional sport was firstly developed by government firms and organizations. Therefore, the sports team ownership is without the professionalization standards. The present comparative study was to examine the different football club ownership structures of the top leagues and the current condition of Iran football pro league ownership and then present a suitable ownership structure of Iran football clubs to leave behind the government club ownership. Among the initial 120 scientific texts, the thirty two cases including papers, books and reports were found relevant to this study. We studied the ownership prominence and several football club models of ownership focused on stock listing model of ownership, private investor model of ownership, supporter trust model of ownership and Japan partnership model of ownership; theoretical concepts, empirical studies, main findings, strengths and weaknesses were covered in analysis procedure. According to various models of ownership in leagues and the models’ productivity in football clubs, each model of ownership considering national environmental, economic, social conditions has strengths and weaknesses. So, we cannot present a definite model of ownership for Iran football pro league clubs due to different micro-environments of Iran clubs. We need a big planning to provide a supporter-investor mixed model of ownership to Iranian clubs. Considering strengths and weaknesses in the models of ownership as well as the micro and macro environment of Iran football clubs, German model and Japan partnership model are offered as suitable ones to probable new model of ownership in Iran pro league clubs. Consequently, more studies are required to find a suitable model of ownership based on environmental conditions in Iran. 

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AND SERBIAN FOOTBALL CLUBS

2019 ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Milan Radaković ◽  
Miroslav Smajić ◽  
Ivana Parčina ◽  
Miloš Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Ownership Structures ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Civic Organizations ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
European Football ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Government

The aim of this paper is to present guidelines and perspective on observing objective circumstances and subjective factors which explain why European and Serbian two football clubs which have won most trophies, are where they are today. The sample of the analysis consists of six top European clubs and two of the most successful football clubs from Serbia. Football club ownership structures primarily depend on the government arrangement, i.e. the legislative norms of the state in which they exist. Football clubs in Serbia function as civic organizations. A comparative analysis of European and Serbian clubs has been conducted, by using the generally accepted Polonsky model of sports organizations.  It is easily applicable to football as well, and it is about 12 factors that influence one sports, in this case, football organization. As in many spheres, Serbian best clubs are far behind European standards. Sports success in qualifications for the European competitions and sporadic participation are more the result of sports performances and team strength than their organization and structure. While European football is becoming one of the most important elements of the economy and the society, contributing to improvement and changing cities, regions or countries, Serbian football is primarily a burden and an expense for the economy and the society.

The Systemic Effects of Prudential Regulation Toughening:The Results of a Stress-test for Russian Banks

2012 ◽  
pp. 4-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mamonov ◽  
A. Pestova ◽  
O. Solntsev
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Prudential Regulation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

The stability of Russian banking sector is threatened by three negative tendencies - overheating of the credit market, significant decrease of banks capital adequacy ratios, and growing problems associated with banks lending to affiliated non-financial corporations. The co-existence of these processes reflects the crisis of the model of private investments in Russian banking sector, which was observed during the last 20 years. This paper analyzes the measures of the Bank of Russia undertaken to maintain the stability of the banking sector using the methodology of credit risk stress-testing. Based on this methodology we conclude that the Bank of Russias actions can prevent the overheating of the credit market, but they can also lead to undesirable effects: further expansion of the government ownership in Russian banking sector and substitution of domestic credit supply by cross-border corporate borrowings. The later weakens the competitive positions of Russian banks. We propose a set of measures to harmonize the prudential regulation of banks. Our suggestions rely on design and further implementation of the programs aimed at developing new markets for financial services provided by Russian banks to their corporate and retail customers. The estimated effects of proposed policy measures are both the increase in profitability and capitalization of Russian banks and the decrease of banks demand for government support.

A Comparative Study of Energy-Saving and Emission-Reduction of Urban Heating Schemes

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 3023-3028
Author(s):  
Pu Yan Zheng ◽  
Du Wang ◽  
Xiu Ping Yao ◽  
Yan Zhou Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Heating Scheme ◽  
The Government

The urban heating is closely linked with peoples life. The chosen of heating scheme is affected by the index of energy-saving and emission-reduction. In this thesis the computational model of the indexes for different range were built and the indexes of four schemes were calculated. The results predicted the energy-saving and emission-reduction of each scheme and provided references for the government to formulate assessment criteria.

scholarly journals Effect of Message Approach and Image Size on Pictorial Health Warning Effectiveness on Cigarette Pack in Indonesia: A Mixed Factorial Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6854
Author(s):  
Reny Yuliati ◽  
Billy Koernianti Sarwono ◽  
Abdillah Ahsan ◽  
I Gusti Lanang Agung Kharisma Wibhisono ◽  
Dian Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Cigarette Pack ◽  
The Government

Background: Cigarette consumption remains high and increasing in Indonesia. The government implemented a pictorial health warnings requirement of 40% cover of the pack (front and back) using fear appeal messages. Objective: Our study aims to assess the effectiveness of cigarette pictorial health warnings by message and size. Methods: We conducted a mixed factorial experiment online study using three messaging approaches (fear vs. guilt vs. financial loss) and two picture sizes (40% vs. 75%) among 209 smoking participants. Sociodemographic variables included gender, education, income, employment status, and marital status. Data analysis used a mixed model ANOVA to see the main effect and interaction effect on dependent variables. For subgroup analysis, we used t-test and one-way ANOVA. All analyzes were in SPSS 22. Results: We found significant differences in the three message types, in which fear and guilt have higher effectiveness than financial loss. By subgroup, the guilt message was more compelling among female smokers and married smokers. The financial loss message was effective among lower-income smokers. We found no difference in pictorial health warning effectiveness by image size, potentially because participants could zoom in/out the cigarette pack image on the screen. Conclusions: Our finding supports more diverse message types in pictorial health warnings in Indonesia and other countries.

Energy Consumption in Leisure Centres – A Comparative Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-225
Author(s):  
A.J. Griffiths ◽  
P.J. Bowen ◽  
B.J. Brinkworth ◽  
I.R. Morgan ◽  
A Howarth
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Band

The Sports and Recreation sector within the UK uses the equivalent of 3 millions tonnes of coal per year to supply the activities demanded by an ever increasing sports conscience society. The government has attempted to stimulate energy efficiency in this sector through the use of good practice guides and case studies. A comparative study was undertaken to analyse the performance of two leisure complexes in the Seven Valley degree day region. One site had double the occupancy rate of the other. It was found that the energy consumption per user was approximately 10 kWh for both sites. However the energy cost per user showed a large difference: for Site A this index was 31p/user compared to 15p/user at Site B. The primary causes of this difference are attributed to variation in energy mix between the two sites, as well as a difference in the price paid for primary fuel. Indices based on floor area of the facilities exhibit similar trends, and furthermore show that both sites were in the high band of energy consumption. This indicated that both sites had the potential to make significant energy-related savings, and a further breakdown of electrical, natural gas and water consumption per site is used to identify these potential savings in a rapidly expanding sector.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of Schemes and Programmes of Government of India on Agriculture to Increase Productivity, Profitability, Financial Inclusion, and Welfare of Farmers to Transform them into Modern Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 231-243
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. M. ◽  
P. S. Aithal ◽  
Sharma K. R. S.
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The foremost intent of this research article is to create awareness about various schemes for the productive sector of agriculture. Through this study, the level of performance of these agricultural schemes and programmes were analysed that will be helpful for the attainment of financial inclusion. Hence it is necessary to know about various schemes and their making to connect the beneficiaries. Agriculture is the basic source of food supply, production, processing, promotion and distribution. Agricultural products contribute to Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.) and generate employment in rural areas. They transform the lives of the farmers in modern society. The government of India has introduced Minimum Support Price (MPS), MIF, PMKSY, PMFBY, e-NAM, PM-KISAN, PMJDY, PM-KUSUM, PKVY, NAMS, and MGNREGS. The mobile app KisanSuvidha and innovative programmes like Kisan Rail, KrishiUdaan double the farmers’ Income (DFI). These help in transforming village economy, coverage of irrigation, crop insurance, and stabilizing the income. They also ensure financial support, flow of credit and Direct Benefit transfer of subsidies and funds to beneficiaries. Adopting modern technology, farm-based activity, poultry, dairy, forestry, beekeeping and with the support of SHGs which will directly impact productivity, profitability, financial inclusion, and the welfare of farmers in the 21st century and development of the country’s economy. Design/ methodology/approaches: This study is all about the theoretical concepts based on analysis of various schemes and interconnect. Findings and results: This study reveals that the effectiveness of various agricultural programs and also identifies the benefits and beneficiaries of these schemes. Under this research, various financial services, subsidies, funds released, online platform for agricultural products, funds for micro-irrigation, and so on benefits provided by the government of India were studied. Originality/value: Analysed the various schemes and compelled its beneficiaries and develop a modern to achieve financial inclusion and economic growth through the study. Type of Paper: Research Analysis.

scholarly journals Privatization in State-Owned Enterprises: A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Salma Shofia Rosyda ◽  
Sam'un Jaja Raharja
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Personal Benefit ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Role Of The Government

One of the effective ways to improve the governance of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) is through privatization. A common problem that occurs at present in SOEs is that state-owned companies are inefficient in the use of resources, especially labor. The purpose of this research is to comprehend what is important in privatization, using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. Some things that are important in the privatization of State-Owned Enterprises include privatization performance based on privatization activities, success factors, CSR in privatized SOEs, and performance after reducing government ownership. An improvement of performance both in terms of attainment and income along with a decrease in CSR were likely experienced by SOEs when privatizing. In addition, this research was also conducted to find out whether there were parts that had become worse after privatization. The privatization of SOEs was carried out by modernizing the economy. The decrease in performance of CSR could be minimized by social activities carried out by the company. The role of the government was very important in the supervision of SOEs so no one was able to gain personal benefit. The involvement of stakeholders was very important in this process because it could increase the trust of shareholders. During privatization, cooperating partners had to guarantee that there would be no termination of workers. In fact, it was hoped that more workers were to be added.

scholarly journals STRUCTURE AND EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENTS IN THE SPORTS INDUSTRY OF THE COUNTRIES (EXAMPLE OF THE GERMAN ECONOMY)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Kafurina ◽  
Tetiana Rodionova
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
German Economy ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Model Errors ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
The World

In the last thirty years sport is turning into business and football clubs are developing into large corporations. Sports industry has been becoming not just more exciting but also highly lucrative. The value of professional football sector is estimated to be about 8 billion euros. Even more investors see sports leagues or football clubs as profitable investments. For instance, European Super League can be taken, which could have been more profitable for investors than other competitions and attracted such sponsor as JPMorgan Chase. However, in the near future such project has no support from governments and other clubs and therefore has no future yet. One type of investment in the sports industry is the purchase of shares in sports clubs. Borussia Dortmund is a German football club, one of the most successful clubs in the world, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German league system. Dortmund’s shares are listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Borussia is the only club in Germany and among approximately 25 clubs in the world, including few British and Italian clubs, whose shares are publicly traded. Even more clubs are considering going public to increase its capital. One of the biggest clubs in Belgium, Brugge examined such opportunity, though the club postponed their initial public offering because of the low demand. On the contrary, Ukrainian football club Veres started selling its shares in April 2021 and during the first day have received bids for the purchase of stocks for the amount of over 36 million hryvnas. However, the benefit for the investor might be only the increase of a share price as the club does not intend to pay out dividends. The article analyses the price of a club share for more than 20 years and historical dividends. Borussia’s stock is analysed using futures contracts. It also examines such indicators as return on invested capital (ROIC), weighted average cost of capital (WACC), return on assets (ROA), which are compared with those of Manchester United, Juventus, Lazio and Ajax. A model is being built to predict the stock price during COVID-19 and before the start of the pandemic to compare price fluctuations and model errors.

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