Fuzzy Expert Framework for Diagnosis of Typhoid

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Okpokpong Nathaniel Ntebong Celestine ◽  
Umar Farouk Ibn Abdulrahman ◽  
Itoro Akpabio
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Membership Function ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Membership Functions ◽  
Centroid Method

Typhoid fever is a disease that is caused by bacteria called salmonella typhi. It is also known as Enteric fever, Typhoid fever is been characterized by high fever, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, etc. It is often treatable when diagnosed early, but if left untreated could lead to other medical complications like intestinal haemorrhaging which may require major surgeries and could even lead to death. This paper proposes a method of diagnosis of Typhoid Fever using Fuzzy Logic. The system was built with twenty input membership functions, one output membership function and about two hundred inference rules which was simulated with MATLAB R2013 and therefore 97.5 % accuracy was obtained. The centroid method was used for the defuzzification. Although there are many systems in existence, this work is however based on the assumption that a system with a higher number of inference rules will make diagnosis a better.

scholarly journals Mysterious Looks of Typhoid Fever: A New Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepankar Kumar Basak ◽  
Richmond Ronald Gomes ◽  
Md Ashraf Uddin Ahmed ◽  
ABM Sarwar E Alam
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Common Infectious Disease

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid) is a common infectious disease worldwide, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Typhoid fever caused by the gram negative bacterium Salmonella typhi that may have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. We report a case of a 17 year old previously healthy college boy who presented with fever, abdominal pain and shortness of breath later on who was eventually diagnosed as having typhoid fever complicated by acute pancreatitis, hepatitis and severe pulmonary hypertension. Enteric fever presenting as acute pancreatitis and pulmonary hypertension is a rare entity and must be considered in endemic areas like Bangladesh, in patients presenting with fever and concomitant severe abdominal pain and shortness of breath, as any delay in timely institution of treatment can prove fatal. There are very few case reports in the world which have depicted this unusual association.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2015; 3 (1): 36-38

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Socio – Demographic Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Enteric Fever: A Prospective Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Sadia Saber ◽  
Md Tarek Alam ◽  
Nazi Yasmin ◽  
Mohammad Monwer Hossain ◽  
Rafi Faria Alam
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Enteric fever otherwise called Typhoid fever is a systemic disease caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, having reservoir in contaminated water and food. It affects considerable number of populations of the world but regions of South Asia are most commonly affected. Aims and Objective: The objective of this study to find the prevalence of Typhoid fever with respect to age, gender, marital status, occupation, seasonal variation, treatment of drinking domestic water source, and clinical features. Methodology: This is a cross- sectional observational study conducted at Bangladesh Medical College Hospital (BMCH), Dhanmondi, Dhaka from January to December 2019. Those presenting both outpatient departments or admitted to the inpatient units with complains of fever and abdominal pain underwent blood culture for the diagnosis of Typhoid fever. Patients with informed consent and positive blood culture report (including both Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi) were included in the study. Results: Total 1375 tests were performed, out of which 407 came out to be positive blood culture report (including both Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi). Out of these tests 31.65% were males and 27.35% were females. Highest occurrence of typhoid fever was observed among males of age group 18 – 45 years and least with patients between age group above 75 years. As for the influence of occupation, male civil servants recorded the highest occurrence in the hospitals while artisans recorded the least. The influence of marital status revealed the highest occurrence in the single males with the married females had the least. In relation to months the prevalence was the highest in the month of July - September (11.42%). Water quality, vaccination and season have great impact on the burden of typhoid fever in population. Fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain are the major symptoms associated with typhoid fever. Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and seasonal variation, treatment of drinking water supply, occupation and presenting complaints influenced the distribution pattern of typhoid fever among the population in BMCH, Dhanmondi, Dhaka. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2020; 8(2): 86-90

scholarly journals Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Petrin ◽  
Russell W. Steele ◽  
Elizabeth A. Margolis ◽  
Justin M. Rabon ◽  
Holly Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Enteric fever (formerly typhoid fever) is a bacterial illness caused by fecal-oral transmission of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. In early 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol was reported in Pakistan. This strain, termed “extensively resistant typhi,” has infected more than 5000 patients in endemic areas of South Asia, as well as travelers to and from these areas, including 5 cases in the United States. We present the case of one such child who developed extensively resistant enteric fever during a recent visit to Pakistan and required broader antimicrobial treatment than typically required. Clinicians should be aware that incoming cases of enteric fever may be nonsusceptible to commonly recommended antibiotics and that extensively resistant typhi requires treatment with carbapenems such as meropenem or azithromycin.

scholarly journals USE OF WIDAL TEST IN DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION BY ESTIMATING BASELINE TITER IN CONTROL GROUP

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Shetty Jeevan
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Medical College

Objective: This study was undertaken to establish a cutoff significant titer for Widal test using healthy volunteers as control group. Utilizing the baseline titer obtained from the control group, a diagnosis of typhoid fever was made in the test group comprising outpatients and inpatients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients attending G.S Medical College and Hospital, Pilkhuwa, over a period of 6 months from September 2016 to March 2017. Antibodies to Salmonella typhi (TO, TH) and Paratyphi A (AH) and Paratyphi B (BH) are determined by this tube agglutination test. A total of 124 healthy controls and 303 patients having clinical suspicion of typhoid fever were subjected to Widal test. Results: In healthy control group, titer TO ≥20 was observed in 43 (34.7%), TO ≥40 in 48 (38.7%), TO≥80 in 25 (20.2%), and titer TO ≥160, TO ≥320 was observed in none of the control group. Titer TH ≥40 in 58 (46.8%), AH ≥40 in 7 (5.6%), and BH ≥40 in 13 (10.5%) were observed in the control group. Among the test group, 96 (31.7%) sera were positive out of 303 clinically suspected enteric fever by the Widal test. Among different age group studied, 34 (46.6%) patients belonged to the age group of 11-20 years which formed the highest followed by the age group of 21-30 years (33.3%). Conclusion: Based on the study, a cutoff titer of ≥160 for anti-O and anti-H antibodies and titer of ≥80 for anti-AH and anti-BH antibodies be considered as significant titer in diagnosis of enteric fever in this region. The baseline titer helps in early recognition and treatment of this serious health problem.

scholarly journals Study on the efficacy of ceftriaxone versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever among the patients admitted in a tertiary level hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sougata Mitra ◽  
Masuma Khanam ◽  
M. Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Rukhsana Quadir
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Cure ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Clearance Time ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Fever Clearance Time ◽  
Culture Positive

Background: Typhoid fever is a severe debilitating and potentially life threating illness. In Bangladesh, typhoid fever is a round the year problem which sometimes take epidemic proportions. The reasons behind such occurrences are unsafe water supply, defective sewage system and unhygienic food handling practice. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin in the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever.Methods: An observational study was conducted at the department of pharmacology in Dhaka medical college, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from blood culture positive patients for Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, who admitted in the Dhaka medical college and hospital, Dhaka during the period of July 2015 to June 2016. Data was collected by using a structured questioner, face to face interview, physical examination and investigation reports. Patients were hospitalized during the entire treatment period and at admission evaluation was made by history and physical examination in a structured format. Subjects ware asked regarding changes in symptoms and possible adverse effects of the study drugs. All patients were asked to return two weeks after completion of treatment for follow up. Blood culture of Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi were done in all cases. Total 91 patients were culture positive for either S. typhi or S. paratyphi which were finally studied.Results: During the study period out of 91 patients, 51 were receiving ceftriaxone and 40 were receiving azithromycin. Clinical cure was achieved in 46 patients (90%) of ceftriaxone group and in 31 patients (78%) in the azithromycin group. There were no significant differences of clinical cure between both treatment groups (p>0.05). Mean fever clearance time in ceftriaxone group was 3±1.4 days and was 4±1.6 days for azithromycin group. Difference in fever clearance time was statistically significant (p<0.05). No clinical relapses were detected in any study subject. No major side effects of both drugs occurred in any subject.Conclusions: These results indicated that both ceftriaxone and azithromycin were effective against enteric fever caused by sensitive organisms and multi drug resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi. It is concluded that ceftriaxone is more effective and can be a convenient alternative for the treatment of enteric fever, especially in developing countries like us where medical resources are scarce.

scholarly journals Gaussian Membership Function used for Voice Recognition in Fuzzy Logic

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2685-2689
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Membership Function ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Membership Functions ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Degree Of Membership ◽  
Membership Value

Gaussian Membership function of a fuzzy set is a generalization form which is used to classify the human voice either based gender or age group. Membership functions were introduced by Zadeh in the first paper on fuzzy sets in the year 1965. In this paper we describe Gaussian membership function which we used to implement the simulation or classification of the human according to their age in fuzzy logic. A Gaussian Membership Function (MF) is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a membership value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1.

scholarly journals Acute Appendicitis Associated With Typhoid Fever: A Case Report and Review of Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-260
Author(s):  
Sanaz Mehrabani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Important Complication ◽  
Chief Complaints

Introduction: Appendicitis could be a rare complication of Salmonella Typhi infection.  Case Presentation: we present a 13-year-old girl with typhoid fever with histology-proven acute appendicitis as a rare complication of Salmonella Typhi infection. The patient was admitted to the hospital with the chief complaints of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting for more than one week. A brief review of relevant literature was also performed to explore more this rare cause of a common emergency surgical procedure.  Conclusions: In all cases with typhoid fever with persistent diarrhea and vomiting, localized abdominal pain, probable acute appendicitis should be considered as an important complication.

scholarly journals Clinical Profile of Enteric Fever in Children of a Tertiary Care Centre in Kathmandu, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Sunil Budhathoki ◽  
Satyam Rimal ◽  
Lopsang Lama ◽  
Sabina Shrestha ◽  
Seshananda Sanjel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Laboratory Parameters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Loose Motion

Background: Enteric fever, commonly known as typhoid fever is a global public health problem. It is one of the common infectious diseases of humans, fever lasting for more than 7 days. It is transmitted by faecooral route and common in the areas with poor sanitation. Globally, majority of the Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica var typhi, one fifth of the infection is caused by Salmonella enterica var paratyphi. This study was conducted to describe clinical and laboratory parameters among children with enteric fever. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Pediatric ward and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Atterkhel, Kathmandu, Nepal from 2015 January to 2015 December. Inclusion criteria: clinical details and laboratory parameters of children aged 13 months to 15 years old with diagnosis of enteric fever was obtained in the proforma and descriptive statistics were calculated. Result: A total of 1,020 children with the sign and symptom suggestive of enteric fever were admitted in the inpatient department (Pediatrics) during the study period. All the enteric fever suspected children were tested for blood culture, Widal test and complete blood count, out of them 80 children were diagnosed as enteric fever. Male female ratio is 1.6:1. Fever was the most common clinical feature observed in 95% cases and other common features were loose motion (37.5%), vomiting (33.8%) and abdominal pain (27.5%). Hepato-splenomegaly is common finding of Enteric fever reported in 85.0% and 43.7%. Majority of the patients had normal leucocyte count (71.0%) and leucopenia reported in 20.0%. Conclusion: Fever and hepato-splenomegaly were the major clinical presentation of typhoid fever in our study. Other less common features were loose motion, vomiting and abdominal pain. This finding may be useful for the pediatrician and other health professionals for the early diagnosis of enteric fever.  

scholarly journals Case Report of Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Archana Dhengare ◽  
Savita Pohekar ◽  
Prerana Sakharwade ◽  
Sheetal Sakharkar ◽  
Samrudhi Gujhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Matter System ◽  
Sewage Waste

Typhoid fever is a major health problem globally. Typhoid fever is an enteric fever characterized by systemic illness along with abdominal pain and fever in a "step-ladder" pattern. Typhoid fever is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in overcrowded and unhygienic areas though comprehensive research and public health interventions have decreased the occurrence. Patient is having sign symptoms as gastrointestinal symptoms, malaise, hepatomegaly, and high liver enzymes presented with a two-week fever. As a differential diagnosis, a Widal test  is done and two blood cultures were requested; both came out positive, confirming the diagnosis of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. Treatment with ceftriaxone and metronidazole was stared prior to confirmation of the diagnosis, with a partial response; later, pharmacological therapy was altered based on ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing, with a satisfactory clinical response. We look at how to diagnose and treat enteric fever, with an importance to typhoid fever. Symptoms or important clinical finding:- A 6 year old male was admitted in A.V.B.R.H on date 12/03/2021 with chief complaint of abdominal discomfort, malaise, problems such as  fever since 2 weeks, gastrointestinal symptoms, lethargy, hepatomegaly, and an increased liver enzyme. Diagnosis therapeutic intervention and outcome: A case is diagnosed as Typhoid Fever. After physical examination and investigation, doctor was detected a case of 6 week. Therapeutic intervention and outcome: Also provide a calcium supplements and iron supplements present case was stable but according to ultrasonography finding. Outcome- Good sanitation, improved water supply, and a suitable sewage waste matter system, as well as the successful use of existing typhoid vaccinations, can all help to avoid typhoid fever. Nursing Perspective: Administration fluid replacement .i.e DNS and RL monitored vital signs per hourly. Maintained temperature chart 2 hourly strictly, maintained intake output chart properly. Tablet paracetamol, antibiotics given as per doctor’s order. Conclusion: Good sanitation, improved water supply, and a suitable sewage waste matter  system, as well as the successful use of existing typhoid vaccinations, can all help to avoid typhoid fever.

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