scholarly journals Case Report of Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi)

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Archana Dhengare ◽  
Savita Pohekar ◽  
Prerana Sakharwade ◽  
Sheetal Sakharkar ◽  
Samrudhi Gujhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Matter System ◽  
Sewage Waste

Typhoid fever is a major health problem globally. Typhoid fever is an enteric fever characterized by systemic illness along with abdominal pain and fever in a "step-ladder" pattern. Typhoid fever is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in overcrowded and unhygienic areas though comprehensive research and public health interventions have decreased the occurrence. Patient is having sign symptoms as gastrointestinal symptoms, malaise, hepatomegaly, and high liver enzymes presented with a two-week fever. As a differential diagnosis, a Widal test  is done and two blood cultures were requested; both came out positive, confirming the diagnosis of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. Treatment with ceftriaxone and metronidazole was stared prior to confirmation of the diagnosis, with a partial response; later, pharmacological therapy was altered based on ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing, with a satisfactory clinical response. We look at how to diagnose and treat enteric fever, with an importance to typhoid fever. Symptoms or important clinical finding:- A 6 year old male was admitted in A.V.B.R.H on date 12/03/2021 with chief complaint of abdominal discomfort, malaise, problems such as  fever since 2 weeks, gastrointestinal symptoms, lethargy, hepatomegaly, and an increased liver enzyme. Diagnosis therapeutic intervention and outcome: A case is diagnosed as Typhoid Fever. After physical examination and investigation, doctor was detected a case of 6 week. Therapeutic intervention and outcome: Also provide a calcium supplements and iron supplements present case was stable but according to ultrasonography finding. Outcome- Good sanitation, improved water supply, and a suitable sewage waste matter system, as well as the successful use of existing typhoid vaccinations, can all help to avoid typhoid fever. Nursing Perspective: Administration fluid replacement .i.e DNS and RL monitored vital signs per hourly. Maintained temperature chart 2 hourly strictly, maintained intake output chart properly. Tablet paracetamol, antibiotics given as per doctor’s order. Conclusion: Good sanitation, improved water supply, and a suitable sewage waste matter  system, as well as the successful use of existing typhoid vaccinations, can all help to avoid typhoid fever.

scholarly journals Enteric fever with severe pancytopenia in a four year girl

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (180) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pathak ◽  
A Sharma ◽  
A Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Hemophagocytic Syndrome ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Bone Marrow Suppression ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Severe Pancytopenia ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever (also known as enteric fever) are severe systemic illnesses caused by salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi respectively. Enteric fever is prevalent in developing countries including Nepal, where it still remains as a major health problem. There have been reports of pancytopenia with enteric fever which has been attributed to mechanisms like bone marrow suppression, infection associated hemophagocytic syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. We report here a case of severe pancytopenia in enteric fever as a result of bone marrow suppression due to systemic infection. Keywords: enteric fever, pancytopenia, bone marrow suppression

scholarly journals A Patient with Typhoid Hepatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-158
Author(s):  
M Vitanata Arfijanto ◽  
Isty Rindryastuti
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Abnormal Liver Function ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Ig G

Typhoid hepatitis is typhoid fever accompanied by symptoms of jaundice, hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function tests. The incidence varies between 0.4% -26% of typhoid fever patients. We report a case of a 34-year-old male, presented with fever, epistaxis, gastrointestinal symptoms, thrombocytopenia and elevated AST/ ALT, thus the patient was first diagnosed as dengue hemorrhagic fever grade II. On day 9th the signs and symptoms were persisted, Ig M and Ig G Dengue was negative. Then we evaluated the virus marker for hepatitis and blood culture. The results were negative for HBsAg, anti HCV and Ig M anti HAV, but Salmonella typhi detected on blood culture. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone 1000mg bid iv and get better then discharged from hospital.

scholarly journals Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Petrin ◽  
Russell W. Steele ◽  
Elizabeth A. Margolis ◽  
Justin M. Rabon ◽  
Holly Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Enteric fever (formerly typhoid fever) is a bacterial illness caused by fecal-oral transmission of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. In early 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol was reported in Pakistan. This strain, termed “extensively resistant typhi,” has infected more than 5000 patients in endemic areas of South Asia, as well as travelers to and from these areas, including 5 cases in the United States. We present the case of one such child who developed extensively resistant enteric fever during a recent visit to Pakistan and required broader antimicrobial treatment than typically required. Clinicians should be aware that incoming cases of enteric fever may be nonsusceptible to commonly recommended antibiotics and that extensively resistant typhi requires treatment with carbapenems such as meropenem or azithromycin.

scholarly journals Mysterious Looks of Typhoid Fever: A New Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepankar Kumar Basak ◽  
Richmond Ronald Gomes ◽  
Md Ashraf Uddin Ahmed ◽  
ABM Sarwar E Alam
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Common Infectious Disease

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid) is a common infectious disease worldwide, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Typhoid fever caused by the gram negative bacterium Salmonella typhi that may have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. We report a case of a 17 year old previously healthy college boy who presented with fever, abdominal pain and shortness of breath later on who was eventually diagnosed as having typhoid fever complicated by acute pancreatitis, hepatitis and severe pulmonary hypertension. Enteric fever presenting as acute pancreatitis and pulmonary hypertension is a rare entity and must be considered in endemic areas like Bangladesh, in patients presenting with fever and concomitant severe abdominal pain and shortness of breath, as any delay in timely institution of treatment can prove fatal. There are very few case reports in the world which have depicted this unusual association.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2015; 3 (1): 36-38

scholarly journals USE OF WIDAL TEST IN DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION BY ESTIMATING BASELINE TITER IN CONTROL GROUP

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Shetty Jeevan
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Medical College

Objective: This study was undertaken to establish a cutoff significant titer for Widal test using healthy volunteers as control group. Utilizing the baseline titer obtained from the control group, a diagnosis of typhoid fever was made in the test group comprising outpatients and inpatients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients attending G.S Medical College and Hospital, Pilkhuwa, over a period of 6 months from September 2016 to March 2017. Antibodies to Salmonella typhi (TO, TH) and Paratyphi A (AH) and Paratyphi B (BH) are determined by this tube agglutination test. A total of 124 healthy controls and 303 patients having clinical suspicion of typhoid fever were subjected to Widal test. Results: In healthy control group, titer TO ≥20 was observed in 43 (34.7%), TO ≥40 in 48 (38.7%), TO≥80 in 25 (20.2%), and titer TO ≥160, TO ≥320 was observed in none of the control group. Titer TH ≥40 in 58 (46.8%), AH ≥40 in 7 (5.6%), and BH ≥40 in 13 (10.5%) were observed in the control group. Among the test group, 96 (31.7%) sera were positive out of 303 clinically suspected enteric fever by the Widal test. Among different age group studied, 34 (46.6%) patients belonged to the age group of 11-20 years which formed the highest followed by the age group of 21-30 years (33.3%). Conclusion: Based on the study, a cutoff titer of ≥160 for anti-O and anti-H antibodies and titer of ≥80 for anti-AH and anti-BH antibodies be considered as significant titer in diagnosis of enteric fever in this region. The baseline titer helps in early recognition and treatment of this serious health problem.

scholarly journals Study on the efficacy of ceftriaxone versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever among the patients admitted in a tertiary level hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sougata Mitra ◽  
Masuma Khanam ◽  
M. Iqbal Hossain ◽  
Rukhsana Quadir
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Cure ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Clearance Time ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Fever Clearance Time ◽  
Culture Positive

Background: Typhoid fever is a severe debilitating and potentially life threating illness. In Bangladesh, typhoid fever is a round the year problem which sometimes take epidemic proportions. The reasons behind such occurrences are unsafe water supply, defective sewage system and unhygienic food handling practice. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin in the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever.Methods: An observational study was conducted at the department of pharmacology in Dhaka medical college, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from blood culture positive patients for Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, who admitted in the Dhaka medical college and hospital, Dhaka during the period of July 2015 to June 2016. Data was collected by using a structured questioner, face to face interview, physical examination and investigation reports. Patients were hospitalized during the entire treatment period and at admission evaluation was made by history and physical examination in a structured format. Subjects ware asked regarding changes in symptoms and possible adverse effects of the study drugs. All patients were asked to return two weeks after completion of treatment for follow up. Blood culture of Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi were done in all cases. Total 91 patients were culture positive for either S. typhi or S. paratyphi which were finally studied.Results: During the study period out of 91 patients, 51 were receiving ceftriaxone and 40 were receiving azithromycin. Clinical cure was achieved in 46 patients (90%) of ceftriaxone group and in 31 patients (78%) in the azithromycin group. There were no significant differences of clinical cure between both treatment groups (p>0.05). Mean fever clearance time in ceftriaxone group was 3±1.4 days and was 4±1.6 days for azithromycin group. Difference in fever clearance time was statistically significant (p<0.05). No clinical relapses were detected in any study subject. No major side effects of both drugs occurred in any subject.Conclusions: These results indicated that both ceftriaxone and azithromycin were effective against enteric fever caused by sensitive organisms and multi drug resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi. It is concluded that ceftriaxone is more effective and can be a convenient alternative for the treatment of enteric fever, especially in developing countries like us where medical resources are scarce.

scholarly journals A retrospective study of patients with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Fiji during 2014–2015: epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and outcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 764-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneley Getahun S ◽  
Christopher M Parry ◽  
John A Crump ◽  
Varanisese Rosa ◽  
Adam Jenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
Case Fatality Risk

Abstract Background Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji. We sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and case fatality risk of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through December 2015. Methods Blood culture-positive patients were identified from a typhoid surveillance line list. A standardised case investigation form was used to record data from patients’ medical records. Results Of 542 patients, 518 (95.6%) were indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) and 285 (52.6%) were male. The median (IQR) age was 25 (16–38) y. Mean (SD) time from the onset of illness to admission was 11.1 (6.9) d. Of 365 patients with clinical information, 346 (96.9%) had fever, 239 (66.9%) diarrhoea, 113 (33.5%) vomiting, and 72 (30.2%) abdominal pain. There were 40 (11.0%) patients with complications, including 17 (4.7%) with shock, and 11 (3.0%) with hepatitis. Nine patients died for a case fatality risk of 1.7%. Of the 544 Salmonella Typhi isolates tested, none were resistant to first line antimicrobials; 3(0.8%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 5(1.4%) to nalidixic acid. Conclusions In Fiji, most blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever cases were in young adults. Common clinical manifestations were fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Further studies are required to elucidate the factors associated with complications and death.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Salmonella Typhi Presenting with Tonsillitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 294-296
Author(s):  
S. Aarifaa ◽  
Kaliannan Mayilananthi ◽  
Durga Krishnan ◽  
V. R. Mohan Rao ◽  
Praveen Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Oral Ulcers

Typhoid fever is an endemic infection in developing countries like India. Oral manifestations of enteric fever and typhoid tonsillitis have rarely been reported in the literature.   We report a 20 year old male, showing tonsillitis to be an integral part of clinical presentation of typhoid fever.The patient presented with fever, throat pain and oral ulcers. Blood culture and swab from tonsils showed significant growth of Salmonella typhi.This case report adds light to tonsillitis as a rare clinical manifestation of typhoid fever.

Fuzzy Expert Framework for Diagnosis of Typhoid

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Okpokpong Nathaniel Ntebong Celestine ◽  
Umar Farouk Ibn Abdulrahman ◽  
Itoro Akpabio
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Membership Function ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Medical Complications ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Membership Functions ◽  
Centroid Method

Typhoid fever is a disease that is caused by bacteria called salmonella typhi. It is also known as Enteric fever, Typhoid fever is been characterized by high fever, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, etc. It is often treatable when diagnosed early, but if left untreated could lead to other medical complications like intestinal haemorrhaging which may require major surgeries and could even lead to death. This paper proposes a method of diagnosis of Typhoid Fever using Fuzzy Logic. The system was built with twenty input membership functions, one output membership function and about two hundred inference rules which was simulated with MATLAB R2013 and therefore 97.5 % accuracy was obtained. The centroid method was used for the defuzzification. Although there are many systems in existence, this work is however based on the assumption that a system with a higher number of inference rules will make diagnosis a better.

scholarly journals Enteric fever in Children at Dhulikhel Hospital

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srijana Dongol Singh ◽  
Shreema Shrestha ◽  
Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Sanjay Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Inpatient Department

Introduction: Typhoid fever is one of the most common public health problems in Nepal. It occurs in all parts of the world where water supplies and sanitation are sub-standard. In Dhulikhel hospital, this is one of the top acute febrile illnesses in inpatient department. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and laboratory parameters including culture and sensitivity, the response to therapy, and complications of enteric fever among child cases at Dhulikhel Hospital. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital from January 2009 to June 2011. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS. Results: There were total of 138 cases of enteric fever admitted. There were 73 (53%) male and 65 (47%) female. Eighty-one percent were above five years of age. The most common clinical presentation was fever (100%) followed by headache and G I symptoms. Hepatomegaly was the most common sign seen among the cases and was seen in 110cases (79.71%). Most of the patients had normal WBC count 100 (72.46%) Widal test was positive in 70 (50.72%) cases and blood culture was positive in 52(37.68%) cases. Nalidixic acid was found to be resistant in 26 (50%) cases. Complications were seen in only 7 (5%) enteric fever cases. Conclusion: Typhoid fever is predominant in school going children in Nepal with slight male predominance. Fever lasting over 3 days followed by headache and GI symptoms are the major presenting symptoms. In making the diagnosis, the isolation of bacteria from blood is the “gold standard”. Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella typhi is on the increasing trend. Pneumonia was found to be the most common complication among all other complications seen in enteric cases. In Dhulikhel Hospital this is one of the top acute febrile illnesses in inpatient department. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6682 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 216-220

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