scholarly journals The effect of byproducts from the corn grain processing on the postprandial dynamics of rumen pH

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-581
Author(s):  
C. Dragomir ◽  
S. Toma ◽  
J. Levic
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Change ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ph Decrease ◽  
By Products ◽  
Corn Grain

The effects of two fiber-rich byproducts of the corn grain processing on the postprandial dynamics of rumen pH were studied on three rumen cannulated non-lactating cows, within a 3x3 Latin square experimental design. The two byproducts, dried corn gluten feed (dCGF) and dried corn distillers grains (dCDG) replaced corn grains (C) in high concentrate diets, which suddenly replaced a standard diet (designed to ensure appropriate rumen activity) and were feed once a day. Rumen content was sampled every two hours, two days after the diet changes, during first 14 postprandial hours and pH was measured immediately. Average, pHmin and pHmax as well as duration and intensity of pH decrease were calculated for each series of pH measurements. Diets containing dCGF and dCDG led to higher average pH comparing to the corn-based diet: 6.26 ? 0.03 and 6.12 ? 0.12 versus 6.02 ? 0.2, respectively (P<0.05). Differences were more marked when duration and intensity of pH decrease were considered: corn diet led to a pH decrease below 6.0 of 8.02?2.58 hours, whereas for dCDG and dCGF diets the decreases were of 6.71?3.59 and 3.02?2.17 hours only. Relative differences were even higher when a lower pH threshold (5.8) was considered: observed values were 5.33?4.02, 3.14?3.64 and 0.83?1.24 for C, dCDG and dCGF diets, respectively. Of the two by-products, dCGF was more efficient against pH decrease after the sudden change from a low concentrate to a high concentrate diets. It is concluded that both by-products are feasible solutions to help limiting the pH decrease while allowing formulation of high energy and highly digestible diets for ruminants.

scholarly journals 200 Effects of grain processing and undegradable fiber on rumen pH and fermentation of cattle fed high grain diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 159-160
Author(s):  
Tao Ran ◽  
A M Saleem ◽  
Karen Beauchemin ◽  
G Penner ◽  
Wenzhu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of processing index (PI, weight after processing/weight before processing × 100) of barley grain and dietary undegradable fiber (uNDF, 240 h of incubation in rumen) concentration on DM intake (DMI), ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated beef heifers (BW, 715 ± 29 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 3 PI (65, 75 and 85%; fine, medium, coarse, respectively) × 2 uNDF concentrations (low and high; 4.6 vs. 5.6% of DM) factorial arrangement. Heifers were fed ad libitum a diet consisting of 10% barley silage (low uNDF), or 5% silage and 5% straw (high uNDF), 87% dry-rolled barley, and 3% vitamin and mineral supplements. An interaction of PI × uNDF was observed (P &lt; 0.01) for DMI, but not for mean or duration of rumen pH &lt; 5.8 or &lt; 5.6 over a 24-h period. The DMI (kg/d) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for high (12.7) versus low (12.1) uNDF diets with 85% PI, with no difference in DMI (average, 12.1) between low and high uNDF diets with 65 or 75% PI. The duration of pH &lt; 5.8 (14.6 versus 13.3 h) and pH &lt; 5.6 (10.8 versus 8.6 h) reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for high versus low uNDF diets. The PI did not affect total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) concentration or molar proportions of individual VFA, but the tVFA was less (172 and 162 mM; P &lt; 0.01) and acetate proportion was greater (46.0 and 48.2%; P &lt; 0.01) with high versus low uNDF. These results indicate that increasing dietary uNDF concentration is an effective strategy to improve ruminal pH status in finishing cattle, regardless of extent of grain processing, whereas minimizing the extent of grain processing did not reduce the risk of rumen acidosis.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Sampling Techniques for Evaluating Ruminal Fermentation and Microbiota in the Planktonic Phase of Rumen Digesta in Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Flavia de Assis Lage ◽  
Susanna Elizabeth Räisänen ◽  
Audino Melgar ◽  
Krum Nedelkov ◽  
Xianjiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Dissolved Hydrogen

The objective of this experiment was to compare ruminal fluid samples collected through rumen cannula (RC) or using an oral stomach tube (ST) for measurement of ruminal fermentation and microbiota variables. Six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard diet were used in the study. Rumen samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after the morning feeding on two consecutive days using both RC and ST techniques. Samples were filtered through two layers of cheesecloth and the filtered ruminal fluid was used for further analysis. Compared with RC, ST samples had 7% greater pH; however, the pattern in pH change after feeding was similar between sampling methods. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate and propionate concentrations in ruminal fluid were on average 23% lower for ST compared with RC. There were no differences between RC and ST in VFA molar proportions (except for isobutyrate), ammonia and dissolved hydrogen (dH2) concentrations, or total protozoa counts, and there were no interactions between sampling technique and time of sampling. Bacterial ASV richness was higher in ST compared with RC samples; however, no differences were observed for Shannon diversity. Based on Permanova analysis, bacterial community composition was influenced by sampling method and there was an interaction between sampling method and time of sampling. A core microbiota comprised of Prevotella, S24-7, unclassified Bacteroidales and unclassified Clostridiales, Butyrivibrio, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus, and Sharpea was present in both ST and RC samples, although their relative abundance varied and was influenced by an interaction between sampling time and sampling method. Overall, our results suggest that ruminal fluid samples collected using ST (at 180 to 200 cm depth) are not representative of rumen pH, absolute values of VFA concentrations, or bacterial communities &gt;2 h post-feeding when compared to samples of ruminal fluid collected using RC. However, ST can be a feasible sampling technique if the purpose is to study molar proportions of VFA, protozoa counts, dH2, and ammonia concentrations.

scholarly journals Neutrino Transport with the Monte Carlo Method. II. Quantum Kinetic Equations

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Chinami Kato ◽  
Hiroki Nagakura ◽  
Taiki Morinaga
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Numerical Treatments ◽  
Quantum Feature ◽  
Statistical Noise

Abstract Neutrinos have a unique quantum feature as flavor conversions. Recent studies suggested that collective neutrino oscillations play important roles in high-energy astrophysical phenomena. The quantum kinetic equation (QKE) is capable of describing the neutrino flavor conversion, transport, and matter collision self-consistently. However, we have experienced many technical difficulties in their numerical implementation. In this paper, we present a new QKE solver based on a Monte Carlo (MC) approach. This is an upgraded version of our classical MC neutrino transport solver; in essence, a flavor degree of freedom including mixing state is added into each MC particle. This extension requires updating numerical treatments of collision terms, in particular for scattering processes. We deal with the technical problem by generating a new MC particle at each scattering event. To reduce statistical noise inherent in MC methods, we develop the effective mean free path method. This suppresses a sudden change of flavor state due to collisions without increasing the number of MC particles. We present a suite of code tests to validate these new modules with comparison to the results reported in previous studies. Our QKE-MC solver is developed with fundamentally different philosophy and design from other deterministic and mesh methods, suggesting that it will be complementary to others and potentially provide new insights into physical processes of neutrino dynamics.

scholarly journals Histological and ultrastructural changes in turkey liver under intensive rear-ing and influence of xenobiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (99) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
O. М. Shchebentovska ◽  
A. K. Kostyniuk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Limited Mobility

Liver problems of various etiologies in turkeys have been reported in many countries for the last 20 years. Poultry dies having no clinical manifestations of the disease, and at pathological autopsy, diffuse haemorrhages and marked dystrophic changes of the organ are noted. To date, there are several factors that can cause such changes, these are unbalanced amino-acid feed, insufficient calcium, biotin, selenium, the very high energy content of feed; zootechnical factors – limited mobility of birds due to cage density violations, high temperature; genetic factors – the influence of estrogens; infectious factors – E. coli, Clostridium, and viruses of Picornaviridae family. The article describes the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the turkey liver under the influence of various factors. The material for the research was obtained from a farm where turkeys of the “Hybrid Converter” cross are grown, same age, fed with a standard diet that changed according to the technological map of cultivation. On the 50th day of life, a pathological autopsy of the dead poultry was performed, pieces of liver were selected for histological and ultrastructural examination. The visual assessment revealed significantly enlarged liver, the colour from dark red to light brown, flabby consistency. In some cases, diffuse fatty infiltrations of hepatocytes were histologically revealed, in other cases, focal necrosis with the growth of the connective tissue and the formation of massive perivascular couplings were registered. Large vacuolar fatty degeneration of hepatocytes with subsequent development of fibrosis indicates chronic intoxication, probably caused by slow breakdown of fatty acids in cells due to insufficient oxidative phosphorylation, as well as reduced levels of lipotropic factors: choline, methionine and the vitamins. At the ultrastructural level, a large number of lipid inclusions of various sizes, dystrophic changes in mitochondria were observed, which indicates a decrease in the synthetic activity of cells.

Impact of diet type and xylanase supplementation on the ileal digestibility of nutrients, and growth performance in growing-finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Élisabeth Chassé ◽  
Laurie Dickner-Ouellet ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
Candido Pomar ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
By Products ◽  
Diet Type

In experiment, six pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed six diets in a 6×6 Latin square design. Treatments were corn-soybean meal diet (CS), diet containing wheat by-products (WBP), and diet containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles and canola meal (DDCM) without or with xylanase (X) supplementation (CS-X, WBP-X and DDCM-X). The WBP and DDCM diets had higher AID of lipids and ADF (P < 0.05) than CS diets. A xylanase×diet interaction was observed for the AID NDF (P < 0.05) showing larger impact of xylanase in WBP than in the other diets. Using similar dietary treatments except for CS-X, growth and body composition of the sixty males (83.0 kg) at the end of the d28 growing phase showed that pig fed the CS had greater ADFI (P = 0.004) and ADG (P = 0.014) for period 0-14d but not from 15 28d. Overall performance (0-28d) showed higher ADFI (9.5%; P = 0.015) in CS but no difference was observed for ADG and G:F. These results showed that diets containing a high proportion of by-products can give equivalent performance to a CS diet and that adding xylanase for this short period had limited.

scholarly journals Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo S Goulart ◽  
Ricardo A M Vieira ◽  
Joao L P Daniel ◽  
Rafael C Amaral ◽  
Vanessa P Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Residence Times

Abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P &lt; 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P &lt; 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P &lt; 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P &lt; 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P &lt; 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P &lt; 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.

scholarly journals The effect of protein degradation products in grass silages on feed intake and intake behaviour in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Os ◽  
J.P. Dulphy ◽  
R. Baumont
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Chewing Efficiency ◽  
Amine Addition ◽  
Intake Regulation

The effects of NH3 and amines on grass-silage intake, intake behaviour and rumen characteristics were studied in sheep. From a single sward, two direct-cut grass silages were prepared, either untreated (WAS) or with 4·51 formic acid/tonne (FAS). Four experimental diets: WAS, FAS, FAS with addition of 2·9 g NH3/kg DM (FAS + N) and FAS with 2·8 g amines/kg DM (FAS + A), were offered ad lib. once daily to four rumen-cannulated wethers in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Daily DM intake (DMI) tended to be influenced by dietary treatment (P = 0·09). Compared with FAS, DMI was lower for WAS. Addition of NH3 did not alter DMI, whereas amine addition slightly lowered daily DMI. Reduced DMI resulted from lower intake rates during both the principal meal and the subsequent small meals. Lower initial intake rate during the principal meal suggested reduced palatability of WAS and FAS + A. Amines and NH3, however, did not influence chewing efficiency. No treatment effects were observed on total rumen pool size, DM and neutral-detergent fibre content. Furthermore, NH3, and amines did not alter rumen pH, NH3, and volatile fatty acid concentrations to the extent that they could act on chemostatic intake regulation. Amine addition, however, lowered osmolality of the rumen liquid. No treatment effects on rumen motility were observed. In conclusion, daily DMI was not reduced by the addition of NH3, suggesting that NH3per se is not the causal factor in the negative correlations between silage NH3 content and intake observed by other authors. Amines, however, tended to reduce DMI only by their effect at the oro-pharyngeal level of intake control.

EFFECT OF DIETARY DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON POPULATIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CILIATE PROTOZOA IN DAIRY CATTLE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. IBRAHIM ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
N. E. STANGER
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Continuous Feeding ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Two experimental diets with or without diethylstilbestrol (DES) were fed to four fistulated dairy cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A continuous feeding system was used to give each cow 13–15 g of diet every two minutes. The continuous feeding appeared to remove the usual variation in the numbers of protozoa in the rumen content. This facilitated the sampling for studies of the effect of the diet on the concentrations and varieties of protozoa. Numbers of protozoa among days were similar with no significant differences. Total protozoa numbers were significantly higher (P < 0.01) for cows fed natural diets than for cows fed semi-purified diets. In addition, the feeding of DES resulted in a significant increase in total protozoa numbers. The inclusion of DES in the experimental diets aided the retention and establishment of different ciliate protozoa.

A system for analysing the buffer system in the developing rumen of the young calf

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
A.I. Frost ◽  
I.M. Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Young Calf ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Number Of Factors

The feeding of rapidly fermentable, high energy, diets to young calves stimulates a rapid development of microbial fermentation. High concentrate diets may not, however, stimulate a corresponding development of salivary flow (Kay, 1966). A number of factors affect the buffering system of ruminal contents, besides saliva, such as the concentration of the end products of fermentation and the rate at which these products are absorbed through the rumen epithelium (Turner and Hodgetts, 1955). Counotte, van Klooster, van der Kuilen and Prins (1979) presented the analysis of the buffer system in the rumen using the first derivative of the titration curve. The results showed that bicarbonate and VFA are the main chemical components of the buffer system in the rumen fluid of adult dairy cattle. The ability to buffer against potentially large deterimental fluctuations, ie rumen pH, may improve rumen stability and be benefical to stimulate solid food intake in the early weaned calf. The present experiment describes a system for analysing the buffer system in the developing rumen of the young calf.

scholarly journals PSI-27 Excretion of purine derivatives and rumen microbial protein synthesis in Nelore steers supplemented with low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block and fed low-quality forage

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 249-250
Author(s):  
Andresa L Feliciano ◽  
Sérgio A G Pereira-Junior ◽  
Yury Granja-Salcedo ◽  
Livia Maria Sampaio Ferraz Sepini de Souza Grilo ◽  
Luís Felipe Arelaro Artioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Protein Block ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation of low-moisture, sugarcane molasses-based block (LMB) on steers fed low quality forage in the excretion of purine derivatives and in the synthesis of ruminal microbial protein. Six rumen cannulated Nellore steers steers (23 months, 350 ± 10 kg) were distributed in a 3 × 3 double Latin square design. The treatments were composed of Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu’ hay ad libtum as an exclusive source of bulky (93.65% DM, 3.97% CP and 81.76% NDF) and supplements: complete mineral blend with urea [UR, (urea, salt, mineral-vitamin premix)], a commercial protein supplement [PS, (corn grain, soybean meal, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)] or low-moisture, cooked sugarcane molasses-based protein block [LMB, (cane molasses, cottonseed meal, soybean oil, urea, salt and mineral-vitamin premix)]. Each experimental period lasted 21 days (14 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection). The total urinary volume was measured for five days in each experimental period. The urine was collected in rubber funnels fixed by elastic loops on the backs of the animals. The urine was conduct through hoses connected to a 20 L polyethylene bucket containing 250 mL of 20% H2SO4 solution. Every 24 hours, the collected urine was homogenized and the total excreted volume was measured. The data were analyzed using Software R, having as fixed effect the treatments and as animal random effect, period, Latin square and error. Supplementation with LMB lead to greater excretion of allantoin (P = 0.046), microbial nitrogen flow (P = 0.023) and higher microbial crude protein (P = 0.023) into the intestine compared to UR and PS. While no effect was observed on total purines and purines absorbed (P &gt; 0.05). Thus, LMB supplementation for rumen cannulated Nellore steers fed low quality forage was effective to improve metabolizable protein supply.

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