A system for analysing the buffer system in the developing rumen of the young calf

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
A.I. Frost ◽  
I.M. Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Young Calf ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Number Of Factors

The feeding of rapidly fermentable, high energy, diets to young calves stimulates a rapid development of microbial fermentation. High concentrate diets may not, however, stimulate a corresponding development of salivary flow (Kay, 1966). A number of factors affect the buffering system of ruminal contents, besides saliva, such as the concentration of the end products of fermentation and the rate at which these products are absorbed through the rumen epithelium (Turner and Hodgetts, 1955). Counotte, van Klooster, van der Kuilen and Prins (1979) presented the analysis of the buffer system in the rumen using the first derivative of the titration curve. The results showed that bicarbonate and VFA are the main chemical components of the buffer system in the rumen fluid of adult dairy cattle. The ability to buffer against potentially large deterimental fluctuations, ie rumen pH, may improve rumen stability and be benefical to stimulate solid food intake in the early weaned calf. The present experiment describes a system for analysing the buffer system in the developing rumen of the young calf.

Changes in rumen fluid composition and in the rumen epithelium when wheat is introduced to the diet of sheep: the influence of wheat and hay consumption

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee ◽  
WR McManus ◽  
VNE Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Per Se ◽  
High Lactate

The effects of the levels of wheat and of hammermilled hay fed to sheep on ruinen acidity and ammonia concentration were determined during the first 4 days of feeding wheat. Consumption of wheat reduced rumen pH, but the effect diminished with time, so that by day 4 it was not significant. Wheat intake also significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen ammonia on day 1, but not during days 2-4. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations on day I were increased (P < 0.05) by wheat intake, the effect being less on later days. The proportion of acetate was reduced (all days). while propionate (days 1, 2 and 4) and butyrate (days 3 and 4) were increased by the consumption of wheat. Concentrations of lactate (mainly the D-isomer) increased after wheat was fed, although wheat level per se did not significantly affect lactate concentrations. Peak concentrations of lactate occurred on day 2 (18 m~ total lactate). Initially, consumption of hay decreased rumen pH and had little effect on ruman ammonia levels. By day 4, hay consumption was associated with increases in rumen pH and decreases in rumen ammonia levels (0.006 units and -0.05 mM per g hay dry matter (DM) respectively). Concentrations of VFA tended to be increased by hay consumption, but the proportions of the major VFAs were not affected. Hay intakes on day 4 were associated with reductions in rumen total lactate concentrations of 51 �M per g hay DM. Reduced total DM intakes of sheep eating ad libitum were associated with low rumen pH and high lactate concentrations. Microscopic lesions were observed on the rumen papillae of sheep 7 days after wheat was first fed. The extent of these lesions was reduced by hay intake, and was also related to the minimum pH observed.

Feeding the young ruminant

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
A. I. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Young Calf ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Dry Diet

AbstractYoung calves and lambs are weaned early to reduce the amount of milk products consumed and potentially improve the profitability of rearing enterprises. At weaning the pre-ruminant must make a number of adjustments to cope with the change in dietary substrate. The microbial population in the rumen must develop and metabolic changes are required in order for the young ruminant to metabolize the end products of microbial digestion. It is recognized that early weaning poses a stress to the calf but it is generally considered that the calf rapidly adjusts to the change in diet composition. A number of factors indicate that considerable advantage would be gained from delaying the weaning of calves and indeed that the calf is not physiologically capable of adapting to an early-weaning regime. Work has indicated that a diverse anaerobic microbial population can be identified in the developing rumen of the calf. More recent results show that the presence of a faculative anaerobic population, which exists for a considerable period of time, has an adverse effect on the development of a mature anaerobic population. Low rumen pH is a problem in the young calf. The level of rumen pH verges on that which would be described as acidosis in the adult ruminant. The young calf is unable to stabilize rumen pH and increasing the level of dry food intake at weaning may further depress rumen pH if the salivary buffering capacity of the calf is not adequately developed. Results indicate that the ability to utilize volatile fatty acids is not fully developed in the young calf and that early weaning can result in high levels of VFAs in the circulation.The composition of the dry diet has a major effect on the response of the calf to weaning. Choice of the ingredients can affect the buffering capacity of the rumen and the physiological development of the digestive tract. Strategies to limit the nutrient intake from dry food to levels commensurate with the developing physiology of the calf may result in a more uniform transition to full ruminant status with consequent benefits in growth rate and health.

Effects of forage neutral detergent fibre and time after feeding on medial and ventral rumen pH and volatile fatty acids concentration in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. S. Schulze ◽  
A. C. Storm ◽  
M. R. Weisbjerg ◽  
P. Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph

The major microbial fermentation of forages and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) takes place in the medial part of the rumen, whereas the absorption of VFA occurs through the rumen epithelium, for example the ventral sac. The objective was to study effects of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and time after feeding on the medial to ventral VFA and pH gradient as well as rumen motility in the rumen of heifers fed grass/clover silages. Four silages were harvested at different growth stages with NDF contents of 31–45% of DM and in vitro organic matter digestibilities of 75–82% and fed to four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers at 90% of ad libitum level in a Latin square design, with half the ration fed at 0800 hours and 1530 hours. Rumen fluid was sampled hourly from 0730 hours to 1530 hours in the medial and ventral rumen, and analysed for pH and concentrations of VFA, L-lactic acid, and ammonia to assess ruminal chemical gradient. Reticular contractions were continuously recorded by a pressure transducer. Time relative to feeding affected rumen parameters as pH was generally lower and VFA content greater in medial compared with ventral rumen fluid. Greater NDF content of the silage caused lower VFA concentration and higher pH in the rumen mat, and therefore the gradient diminished at greater NDF content in the silages; an effect probably caused by reduced organic matter digestibility rather than digesta NDF properties. This study therefore suggests that VFA production decreased with greater NDF content of forages, whereas intra-ruminal equilibration increased.

scholarly journals Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. KITKAS (Γ.Χ. ΚΙΤΚΑΣ) ◽  
N. PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) ◽  
G. E. VALERGAKIS (Γ.Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
Ch. KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
The Impact

Subacute or subclinical ruminai acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows, characterized by a decrease in pH of rumen fluid below 5.5 (up to 5), certain hours after feeding. SARA is commonly found in intensive livestock production systems; so far, its prevalence has been studied only in few countries and was found to be particularly high. The disease is caused by a decrease in rumen pH below normal level, due to an excessive increase of rumen volatile fattyacids (VFA) concentration. The increased concentration of VFA could be due to diets rich in easily fermentable carbohydrates or slow absorption of the VFA by the rumen wall, due to maladjustment in high energy diets. Finely chopped feeds that do not adequately stimulate mastication and rumination, resulting in less production of saliva that acts as a buffer of the rumen fluid pH, seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. The diagnosis of SARA, based on its definition, is established by rumen pH determination, at specific time intervals after feeding. Continuous pH data acquisition can be obtained, for research purposes only, by rumen cannulation and immersion in rumen fluid of a pH-meter that continuously transmits pH data to a computer. Alternatively, the pH-measuring device can be inserted orally into the rumen in a bolus form, which is also a transmittersending the pH data continuously to a computer. The latter method is very promising for clinical practice, but, unfortunately, is currently too expensive. It is easier and more affordable for practitioners to obtain a rumen fluid sample by either using a rumen tube or, preferably, by performing rumenocentesis, by which rumen fluid free of "contaminating" saliva is collected. Rumenocentesis is safe, easy to perform and more accurate than rumen tubing. The impact of SARA in dairy cows includes,amongst others, reduction of milk production, milk fat content depression, laminitis and, therefore, lameness, liver abscesses formation and, therefore, caudal vena cava syndrome, increased culling rate without any obvious cause etc. SARA treatment and prevention is mainly based on management and dietary measures that eliminate the causes of the disease.

scholarly journals PSVI-22 Rumen microbiome of beef cattle is modulated by backgrounding systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Bobwealth O Omontese ◽  
Ashok K Sharma ◽  
Jason Langlie ◽  
Joe Armstrong ◽  
Alfredo DiCostanzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Rumen Microbiome

Abstract Backgrounding (BKG) segment in beef production systems is characterized by utilization of different forages which affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. However, it is unclear how BKG systems impact rumen microbiome. We investigated rumen microbiome dynamics of beef calves under different BKG systems. At weaning, Angus and Angus x Simmental beef calves (n = 38) were stratified by age, weight, and sex in a completely randomized design into 1 of 3 BKG treatments for 55 d: 1) perennial pasture (PP; quackgrass, orchardgrass; smooth bromegrass, red clover, and alfalfa); 2) summer annual cover crop (CC; cereal oats, purple top turnips, hunter forage brassica, and graza forage radish); and 3) dry lot (DL; haylage, corn, and DDGS). After BKG, all calves were assigned to a high energy ration in a feedlot. Rumen sample was collected via esophageal tubing at weaning, BKG and feedlot. A total of 190 rumen fluid samples were used to sequence the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene on an Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that BKG systems largely influenced rumen bacterial communities. Specifically, microbiome composition and diversity were not different at weaning, diverged significantly during BKG (Shannon index, Bray Curtis distance metrics; P &lt; 0.001) and homogenized during feedlot. During the BKG segment, the bacterial genera Agrobacterium, Coprococcus, and Ruminococcus were dominant in CC whereas Fibrobacteraceae and Mycoplasmataceae was most dominant in DL. Moreover, rumen microbiome patterns of CC and DL calves showed increased plasticity in early stages of development but not during feedlot with PP showing fewer changes over time. These results indicate that BKG systems significantly modulate the rumen microbiome of beef cattle and, underscore the importance of early developmental stages as potential targets for feeding interventions that can impact the animal microbiome to enhance animal performance.

scholarly journals Privacy-Preserving Efficient Data Retrieval in IoMT Based on Low-Cost Fog Computing

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Na Wang ◽  
Yuanyuan Cai ◽  
Junsong Fu ◽  
Jie Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Bat Algorithm ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Range Tree

The rapid development of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is remarkable. However, IoMT faces many problems including privacy disclosure, long delay of service orders, low retrieval efficiency of medical data, and high energy cost of fog computing. For these, this paper proposes a data privacy protection and efficient retrieval scheme for IoMT based on low-cost fog computing. First, a fog computing system is located between a cloud server and medical workers, for processing data retrieval requests of medical workers and orders for controlling medical devices. Simultaneously, it preprocesses physiological data of patients uploaded by IoMT, collates them into various data sets, and transmits them to medical institutions in this way. It makes the entire execution process of low latency and efficient. Second, multidimensional physiological data are of great value, and we use ciphertext retrieval to protect privacy of patient data in this paper. In addition, this paper uses range tree to build an index for storing physiological data vectors, and meanwhile a range retrieval method is also proposed to improve data search efficiency. Finally, bat algorithm (BA) is designed to allocate cost on a fog server group for significant energy cost reduction. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on nitrogen balance, rumen fermentation pattern and blood parameters in dairy cattle.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen ◽  
J. Veling ◽  
Y.T. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Degradable Protein

In a crossover trial, 4 cows were given concentrates containing rapidly and slowly degradable protein in combination with prewilted grass silage. Diets were given in 2 equal daily portions according to DCP and net energy requirements. The trial consisted of 3 main periods of 3 weeks each, with faeces, urine and milk collected and measured during the final week. On 1 day during this week samples of rumen fluid were taken and on 2 days blood samples were taken, directly before the morning feed and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h later. N digestibity and N retention were the same on both rations. A concentrate with slowly-degradable protein resulted in a significantly higher rumen pH and acetate:propionate ratio. Ammonia concn. tended to be lower. Slowly-degradable concentrate protein led to a significantly higher concn. of urea and a lower concn. of insulin in blood. The concn. of several of the essential amino acids, and of the glucogenic amino acids and glycine was significantly lower. There were no significant effects of type of protein on milk yield or milk composition, but there was a tendency for these parameters to increase with ration containing slowly-degradable protein. Results suggest the ration containing slowly-degradable concentrate protein produced a more even rumen fermentation, which promoted a higher acetate:propionate ration in the rumen. On this ration there was a tendency for more gluconeogenesis from amino acids to occur. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Observations on the microbiology and biochemistry of the rumen in cattle given different quantities of a pelleted barley ration

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
J. Hyldgaard-Jensen ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. S. Reid ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Rumen Ph

1. Three heifers were changed from a diet of equal parts of hay and barley cubes (50:50 diet) to one entirely of barley cubes given in three equal feeds throughout the day. Feed intake was restricted to 80% of calculated appetite at the time of change and this percentage progressively decreased as the live weights of the animals increased.2. The change of diet had no significant effect on the volume of rumen fluid but the rate of outflow from the rumen was significantly lower on the barley diet than on the 50:50 diet.3. Animals on the restricted barley diet developed an exceptionally high rumen ciliate population and the bacterial population was shown by Gram films to include a number of organisms typical of roughage-fed animals. In culture, organisms of the genusBacteroideswere predominant but these appeared largely as cocco-bacilli in the Gram films. This microbial population was associated with a higher proportion of butyric acid than of propionic acid in the rumen fluid.4. Occasional fluctuations in ciliate populations occurred in all three heifers. Decreases in ciliate number were paralleled by increases in propionic acid and decreases in butyric acid but not necessarily by a fall in pH. Under these conditions Gram films showed increases in bacteriodes-type rods and in certain curved Gram-negative rods.5. Rumen ammonia concentrations were on average lower and showed a different diurnal pattern when ciliate numbers were reduced. Lactic acid concentrations were low and were not affected by the size of the ciliate population.6. When the three heifers were given the barley dietad lib. there was a decrease in rumen pH and a complete loss of rumen ciliates. The rumen bacterial population and the volatile fatty acid proportions were similar to those seen during decreases in ciliate number at the restricted level of intake. These changes also occurred in a fourth heifer which was changed fairly rapidly from the 50:50 diet to a restricted amount of the barley diet.7. Two steers which had never had access to roughage were changed fromad lib. to restricted intake of the barley diet and were later given an inoculum of rumen ciliates. The rumen microbial population and the pattern of fermentation so produced were similar to those found in the heifers on the restricted barley diet.8. Anomalous values were noted for total counts of rumen bacteria when free starch grains were present in the rumen fluid.9. It is concluded that large ciliate populations and high proportions of butyric acid can be produced in animals fed exclusively on a barley diet by suitable adjustment of the intake and the method of feeding. It is postulated that the ciliate population may be largely responsible for the high butyric acid concentrations.

scholarly journals Influences of starter NDF level on growth performance and rumen development in lambs fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Xie ◽  
WenQin Huang ◽  
ChunXiang Zhang ◽  
QiYu Diao ◽  
Kai Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Stomach Weight ◽  
Keratin Layer

Abstract Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), as the main component of structural carbohydrate in forage, is a vital factor impacting the performance of young ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of starter NDF level on the rumen fermentation and morphometrics of lambs fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. One hundred Hu sheep lambs (18 days of age and 6.1 ± 0.1 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to one of the four starter diets differing in their NDF levels on a dry matter (DM) basis: 1) diet with 14% NDF (NDF14), 2) diet with 18% NDF (NDF18), 3) diet with 22% NDF (NDF22), and 4) diet with 26% NDF (NDF26). Lambs were fed milk replacer with designed starters from 21 to 60 d of age and then transitioned to the same starter feed until 90 d of age. Six lambs from each treatment (close to the average BW of the corresponding treatment) were selected and slaughtered at 90 d of age for measuring rumen fermentation, anatomical development, and morphometric characteristics. Lambs receiving NDF22 and NDF26 starter diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) intake of starter and total DM, and average daily gain during the overall period, thereby heavier (P &lt; 0.05) final weights at 90 d of age compared with those fed NDF14 starter diet. At 90 d of age, lambs fed NDF22 and NDF26 starters had higher rumen pH, followed by lower propionate, higher acetate concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), and a higher acetate-to-propionate ratio compared with those fed NDF14 and NDF18 starters (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences of the full and empty weight of reticulorumen were observed among treatments; however, the reticulorumen weight expressed as a percentage of the complex stomach weight was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in lambs fed NDF22 and NDF26 starters compared with those fed NDF14 starter. Furthermore, NDF14 lambs had the thickest keratin layer and epithelium compared with those in the other treatments but showed the thinnest muscle layer (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that increasing starter NDF levels can ameliorate the rumen fermentation environment and alleviate hyperkeratosis and plaque formation in the rumen epithelium. In summary, including 22% and 26% NDF in the pelleted starter can improve the performance of lambs.

A New Method for Effective Utilization of Melted Solid Waste

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1889-1891
Author(s):  
Nan Wang ◽  
Guo Cai Zhu ◽  
Yong Hong Zhao ◽  
Heng Hu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
New Process ◽  
Recycling Economy ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Melting Slag

With the rapid development of the national economy, an effective way is urgently anticipated to unburden the pressure of low resources utilization, high energy consumption and serious environment pollution resulting from industry solid waste. In the present paper, a new process by applying atomization technique into disposing of melting slag is proposed for highly effective utilization of solid waste. It is characterized as simultaneous completion of super cooling and fine pulverized, and improvement on utilization efficiency of melted slag for increase of activity and saving of milling energy. This method is believed to be a new available approach to greatly promote the development of our recycling economy

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