scholarly journals Comparison of Two Sampling Techniques for Evaluating Ruminal Fermentation and Microbiota in the Planktonic Phase of Rumen Digesta in Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Flavia de Assis Lage ◽  
Susanna Elizabeth Räisänen ◽  
Audino Melgar ◽  
Krum Nedelkov ◽  
Xianjiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Dissolved Hydrogen

The objective of this experiment was to compare ruminal fluid samples collected through rumen cannula (RC) or using an oral stomach tube (ST) for measurement of ruminal fermentation and microbiota variables. Six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard diet were used in the study. Rumen samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after the morning feeding on two consecutive days using both RC and ST techniques. Samples were filtered through two layers of cheesecloth and the filtered ruminal fluid was used for further analysis. Compared with RC, ST samples had 7% greater pH; however, the pattern in pH change after feeding was similar between sampling methods. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate and propionate concentrations in ruminal fluid were on average 23% lower for ST compared with RC. There were no differences between RC and ST in VFA molar proportions (except for isobutyrate), ammonia and dissolved hydrogen (dH2) concentrations, or total protozoa counts, and there were no interactions between sampling technique and time of sampling. Bacterial ASV richness was higher in ST compared with RC samples; however, no differences were observed for Shannon diversity. Based on Permanova analysis, bacterial community composition was influenced by sampling method and there was an interaction between sampling method and time of sampling. A core microbiota comprised of Prevotella, S24-7, unclassified Bacteroidales and unclassified Clostridiales, Butyrivibrio, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus, and Sharpea was present in both ST and RC samples, although their relative abundance varied and was influenced by an interaction between sampling time and sampling method. Overall, our results suggest that ruminal fluid samples collected using ST (at 180 to 200 cm depth) are not representative of rumen pH, absolute values of VFA concentrations, or bacterial communities >2 h post-feeding when compared to samples of ruminal fluid collected using RC. However, ST can be a feasible sampling technique if the purpose is to study molar proportions of VFA, protozoa counts, dH2, and ammonia concentrations.

Intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility by beef steers consuming Pensacola bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Tessa M Schulmeister ◽  
Carla D Sanford ◽  
Luara B Canal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract To determine the effect of CaO treated Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, 9 ruminally cannulated Angus-crossbred steers were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Steers had ad libitum access to either: 1) untreated dry hay (DH;  n = 8); 2) hay at 50% DM treated with 8.9% CaCO3 [dry matter (DM) basis; CC; n = 9]; or 3) hay at 50% DM treated with 5% CaO (DM basis; CO; n = 8). Water was added to reach 50% DM in the CC and CO diets. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected every 3 h for 24 h. Ruminal fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Hay and fecal samples were collected for 4 d, 4 times daily for hay and twice daily for feces, to determine apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. The hay provided to steers during the digestibility period was analyzed for in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for 48h. Data were analyzed as repeated measures for blood and ruminal fermentation parameters. Total DM intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.674) by treatment. A treatment effect (P < 0.001) was observed for average ruminal pH, where steers consuming CO had the greatest pH (P < 0.001). Ruminal concentration of NH3-N tended (P = 0.059) to be reduced in steers consuming CO. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.023) on concentrations of PUN, where at 3 h DH and CO were lesser than CC (P ≤ 0.050) and at 21 h DH was lesser than CC (P = 0.020). Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, branched-chain VFA, and valerate concentrations were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.035), where a reduction (P ≤ 0.034) occurred in steers consuming CO. No treatment differences were observed for total-tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.186), organic matter (P = 0.169), or crude protein (P = 0.152); however, steers consuming DH had greater neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.038) than CC and tended to be greater than CO (P = 0.082). The CO hay had greater (P = 0.005) IVOMD compared with DH and tended (P = 0.100) to be greater than CC. Bahiagrass hay treated with CaO may reduce ruminal fermentation, as indicated by decreased total VFA concentration without altering DM intake. The addition of CaO did not improve the digestibility of bahiagrass hay in vivo; however, in vitro results are contradictory and warrant further elucidation.

Effects of dietary calcium propionate on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
German D. Mendoza-Martínez ◽  
Juan M. Pinos-Rodríguez ◽  
Héctor A. Lee-Rangel ◽  
Pedro A. Hernández-García ◽  
Rolado Rojo-Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Calcium Propionate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of two levels of calcium propionate on lamb performance and some carcass characteristics. Twenty-one male Creole lambs with an initial weight of 25.3 ± 3.3 kg were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 0, 10, and 20 g of calcium propionate/kg of diet (dry matter basis). Intake, daily gain, feed conversion, carcass weight, and rib eye area were not affected (P < 0.05) by calcium propionate addition. Ruminal fermentation was not altered (rumen pH, volatile fatty acids concentration, and fermentation pattern), and ruminal ammonia-N presented a quadratic response (P < 0.05). In fat from the longissimus dorsi muscle, oleic acid showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) and α-linolenic presented a linear increment (P < 0.05). The addition of 10 or 20 g of calcium propionate in diets containing 350 g/kg grain and 100 g/kg molasses did not modify the productive performance of lambs or ruminal fermentation, and minor changes were detected in long-chain fatty acid in intramuscular fat.

Buffer systems in the rumen of sheep. II. Buffering properties in relationship to composition.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Turner ◽  
VE Hodgetts
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Titration Curves ◽  
Buffer Value ◽  
Ph Range

Acid-base titration curves of ovine ruminal fluid confirmed the findings of Clark and Lombard (1951) that ruminal fluid is relatively well buffered against addition of acid, but relatively poorly against additions of alkali. However, considerable differences were observed between samples from different sheep. These were associated with differences in the interval after feeding, the nature of the diet, and the consumption of drinking water; and were correlated with differences in total and relative concentrations of bicarbonate, phosphate, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The relative importance of the main buffering components in particular fluids was studied by examining the effects of the following procedures upon titration curves: ( a ) varying bicarbonate concentration by varying pCO2; ( b ) removing, and restoring, bicarbonate, phosphate, and VFA; and ( c ) removing particulate material. Particulate material was relatively unimportant as a buffer. Within the usual pH range of the rumen, the important buffering components were bicarbonate and phosphate. In the fasting rumen, bicarbonate was more important than phosphate, and this was found to be also true in parotid saliva. As ruminal fermentation proceeded and as VFA accumulated, bicarbonate and pH decreased and the buffer value depended more and more upon phosphate. In actively fermenting rumens, in which VFA concentration was high and the pH less than 6, VFA contributed significantly to the buffer resistance against further additions of acid. It is pointed out that, because the acids and bases generated during ruminal fermentation are relatively weak, they alter ruminal pH less, mole for mole, than the strong titrants conventionally used in titrations.

Rumination in sheep. IV. The investigation of some possible control mechanisms

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Saliva Flow

Rumination of caged sheep was recorded under conditions of: (a) variable rumen pH, (b) rumen infusions of volatile fatty acids and urea, (c) variable saliva flow to the rumen, (d) mixing of the rumen contents in vivo, and (e) teasing with food. The circadian (24-hr) pattern of rumination after once daily feeding was similar to the pattern of rumen pH change, but no consistent effect of pH per se upon the initiation of rumination was found when rumen contents were replaced with buffered mixtures at pH values ranging from c. 5.10 to 6.95. Rumination, however, tended to be irregular at the lower pH levels. The addition of sodium carbonate to the rumen to prevent a fall in pH after feeding had no apparent effect upon the initiation of rumination. The infusion of volatile fatty acid or urea solutions into the rumen apparently did not affect rumination. Removal of part of the saliva by aspiration during eating, or adding previously aspirated saliva had no effect. The manual mixing of rumen contents by means of a large rumen fistula did not affect initiation of rumination. After teasing with food, one sheep did not recommence ruminating for several hours; another showed practically no reaction; and the remaining two intermediate responses. The initiation of rumination is discussed in relation to these and some other aspects.

scholarly journals The contribution of propionate to glucose synthesis in sheep given diets of different grain content

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Judson ◽  
Elizabeth Anderson ◽  
J. R. Luick ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
The Mean

1. Glucose entry rates into the blood and propionate production rates in the rumen have been measured in sheep given rations containing varying proportions of starch and roughage (lucerne).2. Glucose entry rates and propionate production rates were similar for all rations studied.3. The proportion of the glucose entry rate arising from propionate produced in the rumen was highest on the ration containing the greatest quantity of lucerne and decreased as the proportion of starch in the ration increased. Rate of conversion of propionate into glucose was estimated and was found to decrease as the amount of starch in the ration increased.4. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the ruminal fluid were lowest in the ration with the greatest proportion of starch, implying lower VFA production rates with the starch rations although intakes of digestible energy were approximately the same. The mean concentrations and rates of production of propionate in ruminal fluid were similar for all rations.5. The low VFA concentrations and the reduced conversion of propionate into glucose on the high rations, despite similar propionate production rates and glucose entry rates, may have been due to starch escaping ruminal fermentation. It is suggested that this glucose absorption may have reduced gluconeogenesis from propionate.

Effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) root on in vitro and in vivo ruminal methane production and a bacterial community analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Hoon Kim ◽  
Selvaraj Arokiyaraj ◽  
Jinwook Lee ◽  
Young Kyoon Oh ◽  
Ho Young Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
16S Rna

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-methanogenic effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) on in vitro, in vivo, and bacterial community composition using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology sequencing. Rhubarb root powder was tested at different concentrations (0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.33 g/L) in vitro, and all incubations were carried out in triplicate two runs on separate days. Concentrations of 0.67 and 1.33 g/L rhubarb significantly (P < 0.05) reduced methane production and the acetate : propionate ratio compared with those of the Control, without adverse effects on total volatile fatty acids and total gas production. In the second in vivo trial, four Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (live bodyweight, 556 ± 46 kg) with a ruminal cannula were housed individually in metabolic stalls and fed a basal diet twice daily in equal amounts at 0900 hours and 2100 hours. The before rhubarb treatment (before treatment) duration was 24 days for all steers; 14 days were used for diet adaptation and 10 days were used for gas samples collected 1, 2, and 3 h after the morning feeding on Days 3, 5, 7, and 9. We used three syringe needles passed through the ruminal cannula stopper at different time points as a simple and rapid method to sample rumen gas. Thereafter, three mesh bags containing 30 g of sliced rhubarb root each were placed at different depths in the rumen of each steer for 14 days (after treatment), and gas samples were collected on Days 4, 7, 10, 12, and 13. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in methane concentration from the rhubarb-treated steers and provide the evidence that this method would be useful for in vivo screening of anti-methanogenic feed additives or plant material. Furthermore, 16s RNA sequencing after treatment showed increases in the numbers of Prevotella, and Lactobacillus, but decreases in Methanobrevibacter. In conclusion, rhubarb had an anti-methanogenic effect in vitro and in vivo, and the increase in the number of Prevotella shifted ruminal fermentation towards propionate production.

Effect of cereal processing (grinding to 3·5 mm or dry-rolling) in maize- or barley-based high-concentrate diets on rumen environment of beef cattle during the late fattening period

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-346
Author(s):  
A. GIMENO ◽  
A. AL ALAMI ◽  
D. R. YAÑEZ-RUIZ ◽  
A. DE VEGA ◽  
S. SCHAUF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Fermentation Rate ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Calves

SUMMARYThe type and processing of cereals for beef cattle are key factors to maximize performance without increasing the risk of ruminal acidosis. The current work studied the effect of grinding (G) or dry-rolling (R) the cereals in a concentrate based on maize (M) or barley (B) on the rumen environment of eight 6-month-old Holstein calves, which received either M or B for 70 days, offered as G and R in two consecutive periods. Daily feed intake pattern, rumen fermentation traits, total rumen bacteria and relative proportions ofStreptococcus bovisandSelenomonas ruminantiumwere characterized twice in each period at 0, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Dry-rolling promoted a 0·25 reduction of concentrate intake during the first 4 h after feeding. Neither cereal type nor its processing form promoted differences in ruminal fermentation at 0 and 4 h; however, 8 h after feeding R cereals resulted in higher rumen pH (6·17v.5·71) and lower concentration of lactic acid (88·1v.156 mg/l) and volatile fatty acids (only in diet B, 118v.164 mm/l) compared with G. Little effect of dietary factors in the target rumen microorganisms were observed. The more balanced fermentation observed with R cereals may be explained by the lower concentrate intake promoted during the first 4 h, coupled with a more difficult access of bacterial enzymes to their starch, thus reducing its fermentation rate. Therefore, feeding dry-rolled cereals may be useful to reduce the risk of acidosis by regulating the intake pattern of the concentrate and/or its fermentation rate.

Pengaruh Citra Merek, Kualitas Produk Dan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Pada Bisnis Franchise Minuman

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Yunita Fitri Wahyuningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sampling Process ◽  
And Function ◽  
Simultaneous Influence

This research is conducted upon the emergence of many companies producing the same product of the same kind and function. It leads to the urgency of proper and well planned marketing strategy. This research aims to investigate how far the influence of branding, product quality, and price toward consumer’s satisfaction in beverage franchise business. This research utilizes 5 likert scale questionnaire which is tested by using multiple regression analysis to reveal whether or not there is partial and simultaneous influence of branding, product quality, and price toward consumer’s satisfaction in beverage franchise business. Sampling method is accidental sampling technique, in which sample of particular population is taken based on the accessibility and availability of the sample during the sampling process. Sample used is 100 samples among consumers or customers of Mang Endy Milkshake. The result shows that branding, product quality, and price influence consumer’s satisfaction in beverage franchise business.

DIVERSITY OF FISH LARVAE AROUND THE ESTUARY OF THE BANYUASIN RIVER, SOUTH SUMATERA PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moh. Rasyid Ridho ◽  
Enggar Patriono ◽  
Sarno Sarno ◽  
Sahira Wirda
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
Morisita Index ◽  
Index Value

The initial phase of the fish life cycle is a critical phase associated with high mortality due to sensitivity to predators, food availability, and also environmental changes that occur in nature. Disruption of the initial stages of fish life has a negative impact on fish populations. Until now there has been no information about fish larvae around the Banyuasin River Estuary. Therefore, research is needed on the diversity of fish larvae around the Banyuasin River Estuary, South Sumatra Province. This research were used purposive sampling method, sampling technique in the form of Cruise Track Design with continuous parallel survey trajectory. Based on the results of the study found as many as 10 families consisting of 1483 individuals of fish larvae in March and 1013 individuals of fish larvae in May consisting of Engraulidae 1,601 individuals of fish larvae, Mungiloidei as many as 109 individuals, Leiognathidae 50 individuals, Chanidae 453 individuals, Scatophagidae 20 individuals , Belonidae 39 individuals, Gobioididae 5 individuals, Chandidae 183 individuals, Syngnatihidae 6 individuals, and Gobiidae 30 individuals fish larvae. The index value of fish larvae diversity is classified as medium category (March 1.02 and May 1.12), Morisita index shows the distribution pattern of fish larvae classified as a group (March 0-14.17 and May 2.43-10.40 ), and the evenness index value is in the medium category (March 0.437 and May 0.521).

A Scale Development Approach To Employees’ Perspective Of Knowledge Management In Banks

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
DR.C. KATHIRAVAN ◽  
DR.M. MANIVANNAN ◽  
E.CHANDRA MOULI ◽  
A. RAJASEKAR
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Technology Knowledge ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Chennai City ◽  
Future Topics

The data were collected using personal interview method and a total of 455 employees who were in some aspect knowledge management in banks and identified through multistage random sampling method. Multistage random sampling technique is a probability sampling type where available study topics employ future topics from among their contacts. The study was limited to Chennai city of Tamil Nadu. The analysis found that banks employees moderately perceived towards factors of knowledge management such as knowledge utilization, information technology, knowledge motivation, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing enablers and knowledge creation. Hence, it is concluded that training program is important for the survival of knowledge management. It is also imperative for effective of employees’ job performance.

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