scholarly journals Structural realism - the search for a bearer of reality

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-624
Author(s):  
Milutin Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Theory Change ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In the last two decades the old debate concerning reality of science shifted from questions regarding scientific entities to questions regarding scientific structures. I will present and assess advantages and drawback of this new realists? focus on structures, and at the same time analyze the wider picture of development of the scientific realism. The structural realism will be tackled in the form encountered in works of John Worrall and James Ladyman. Special attention will be devoted to the relationship of their solutions to the argument based on the scientific revolutions - the pessimistic meta-induction. I will argue that these realist?s strategies are not sufficiently convincing to steer us to make a leap in ontology and presume the existence of meta-physical structure (regardless of the question is it scientifically relevant) - in the first place because neither one of them manages to satisfactorily identify a structure, however general, which accumulates in the scientific-theory change.

Electro-Thermal Effect Analysis on GaAs PHEMT Based on Physical Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Zhao Xi Wu ◽  
Gui Cui Fu ◽  
Han Tian Gu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effect ◽  
High Electron Mobility Transistor ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Considering physical mechanisms, an electro-thermal effect model of GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) was proposed. The model included PAD capacitances, intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements, which represented the relationship of performance parameters to physical structure and temperature. By using this model, the effects of temperature to devices performance parameters could be analyzed, and the device's structure and materials' parameters could be optimized. A typical GaAs PHEMT was simulated in the EDA software. Thus, DC I-V characteristics and small-signal S parameters of PHEMT under varied temperatures could be given.

Preliminary investigation of fiber ultrastructure after enzymatic digestion

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 302-303
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin ◽  
F. E. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Chemical Extractants ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Knowledge on the chemical and physical structure of fiber is essential in determining forage quality. Current methods provide empirical results on fiber using chemical extractants. This paper is a preliminary report on methods to redefine fiber based on physiological (biochemical) procedures. TEM was employed to evaluate the relationship of fiber with specific enzymatic treatments.A modified AOAC Total Dietary Fiber Determination was used to prepare one group of insoluble fibers from two legumes of different nutritional quality. Three millimeter wedged-shaped leaflet sections of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and 1-76 lespedeza [Sericea cuneata (Dumont)] were incubated stepwise with: (1) heat stable α amylase, pH 6.0, for h at 100°C; (2) protease, pH 7.5, for h at 60°C; and (3) amyloglucosidase, pH 4.5, for h at 60°C. All leaflet sections were retrieved and incubated for 24 h at 37°C with either: (1) 1% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0; (2) 10% (w/v) hemicellulase in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 5.5; or (3) 1% cellulase and 10% hemicel1ulase in the acetate buffer.

scholarly journals Two Dogmas of Structural Realism. A Confirmation of a Philosophical Death Foretold

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (124) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Rivadulla
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Theory Change ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
The World ◽  
Structure Retention

Twenty years ago John Worrall offered an alleged non-standard viable form of scientific realism under the name structural realism. Structural realism was supposed to be both an alternative to standard scientific realism and viable form of realism. The central questions addressed in this paper are what I call the two dogmas of structural realism: the idea that there is structure retention across theory change, and the idea that theoretical structures describe the world. Arthur Fine proclaimed that scientific realism was dead. I claim that Worrall’s attempt to bring scientific realism back to life has failed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Ige Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Ige Binding ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

Severe Paradoxical Dysphonia in Two Young Women

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Collins ◽  
Robert McDonald ◽  
Robert Stanley ◽  
Timothy Donovan ◽  
C. Frank Bonebrake
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Therapeutic Regimen ◽  
Instrumental Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This report describes an unusual and persistent dysphonia in two young women who had taken a therapeutic regimen of isotretinoin for intractable acne. We report perceptual and instrumental data for their dysphonia, and pose a theoretical basis for the relationship of dysphonia to this drug. We also provide recommendations for reducing the risk of acquiring a dysphonia during the course of treatment with isotretinoin.

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