scholarly journals Sequence analysis of flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes in wheat with nonstandard coloured caryopses

Genetika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Klára Stiasna ◽  
Mária Presinszká ◽  
Tomás Vyhnánek ◽  
Václav Trojan ◽  
Pavel Hanácek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Sequence Variability ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Cloning Strategy

The DNA sequences of chosen structural genes, flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), encoding key enzymes from the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, were studied in this paper. Sequences were gained using different approaches, i.e. direct sequencing from the PCR product for F3H and a cloning strategy for DFR. Five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with nonstandard coloured caryopses, purple, blue, and white, were used as plant material. The sequence variability was observed among tested genotypes.

scholarly journals Changes at a Critical Branchpoint in the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Underlie the Blue to Orange Flower Color Transition in Lysimachia arvensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Sánchez-Cabrera ◽  
Francisco Javier Jiménez-López ◽  
Eduardo Narbona ◽  
Montserrat Arista ◽  
Pedro L. Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Flower Color Polymorphism ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

Anthocyanins are the primary pigments contributing to the variety of flower colors among angiosperms and are considered essential for survival and reproduction. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoids, a broader class of secondary metabolites, of which there are numerous structural genes and regulators thereof. In western European populations of Lysimachia arvensis, there are blue- and orange-petaled individuals. The proportion of blue-flowered plants increases with temperature and daylength yet decreases with precipitation. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis to characterize the coding sequences of a large group of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, examine their expression and compare our results to flavonoid biochemical analysis for blue and orange petals. Among a set of 140 structural and regulatory genes broadly representing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, we found 39 genes with significant differential expression including some that have previously been reported to be involved in similar flower color transitions. In particular, F3′5′H and DFR, two genes at a critical branchpoint in the ABP for determining flower color, showed differential expression. The expression results were complemented by careful examination of the SNPs that differentiate the two color types for these two critical genes. The decreased expression of F3′5′H in orange petals and differential expression of two distinct copies of DFR, which also exhibit amino acid changes in the color-determining substrate specificity region, strongly correlate with the blue to orange transition. Our biochemical analysis was consistent with the transcriptome data indicating that the shift from blue to orange petals is caused by a change from primarily malvidin to largely pelargonidin forms of anthocyanins. Overall, we have identified several flavonoid biosynthetic pathway loci likely involved in the shift in flower color in L. arvensis and even more loci that may represent the complex network of genetic and physiological consequences of this flower color polymorphism.

scholarly journals Inheritance of the An2 Gene and Epistatic Interactions in Petunia exserta × P. axillaris Hybrids

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 947-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Griesbach
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Substrate Competition

A regulatory gene, An2, controls structural genes within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The inheritance of An2 expression in crosses between P. axillaris (an2) and P. exserta (An2+) was studied. Floral pigmentation was quantitatively inherited and involved the expression of a single regulatory gene (An2) and three structural genes (Hf1, An6 and Fl). White flowers were produced in an2- genotypes; while pigmented flowers were produced in An2+ genotypes. The intensity of pigmentation was determined by the interaction of An2 with An6, Hf1 and Fl, as well as substrate competition between the An6 and Fl encoded enzymes.

Comprehensive analysis of wintersweet flower reveals key structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway

Gene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 676 ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Yang ◽  
Kaige Zhao ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Rong Zhao ◽  
Muhammad z Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis reveals flavonoid biosynthesis of Syringa oblata Lindl. in response to different light intensity

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Yan Liu ◽  
Xing-Ru Chen ◽  
Jin-Peng Wang ◽  
Wen-Qiang Cui ◽  
Xiao-Xu Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway

Abstract Background Hazy weather significantly increase air pollution and affect light intensity which may also affect medicinal plants growth. Syringa oblata Lindl. (S. oblata), an effective anti-biofilm medicinal plants, is also vulnerable to changes in plant photoperiods and other abiotic stress responses. Rutin, one of the flavonoids, is the main bioactive ingredient in S. oblata that inhibits Streptococcus suis biofilm formation. Thus, the present study aims to explore the biosynthesis and molecular basis of flavonoids in S. oblata in response to different light intensity. Results In this study, it was shown that compared with natural (Z0) and 25% ~ 35% (Z2) light intensities, the rutin content of S. oblata under 50% ~ 60% (Z1) light intensity increased significantly. In addition, an integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome was performed using light intensity stress conditions from two kinds of light intensities which S. oblata was subjected to: Z0 and Z1. The results revealed that differential metabolites and genes were mainly related to the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We found out that 13 putative structural genes and a transcription factor bHLH were significantly up-regulated in Z1. Among them, integration analysis showed that 3 putative structural genes including 4CL1, CYP73A and CYP75B1 significantly up-regulated the rutin biosynthesis, suggesting that these putative genes may be involved in regulating the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, thereby making them key target genes in the whole metabolic process. Conclusions The present study provided helpful information to search for the novel putative genes that are potential targets for S. oblata in response to light intensity.

scholarly journals EPR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Characterize the Maturity Degree of Humic Acids

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3410
Author(s):  
Bozena Debska ◽  
Ewa Spychaj-Fabisiak ◽  
Wiesław Szulc ◽  
Renata Gaj ◽  
Magdalena Banach-Szott
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acids ◽  
Epr Spectroscopy ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Epr Spectra ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Spin Concentration

The major indicator of soil fertility and productivity are humic acids (HAs) arising from decomposition of organic matter. The structure and properties of HAs depend, among others climate factors, on soil and anthropogenic factors, i.e., methods of soil management. The purpose of the research undertaken in this paper is to study humic acids resulting from the decomposition of crop residues of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and plant material of thuja (Thuja plicata D.Don.ex. Lamb) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In the present paper, we report EPR studies carried out on two types of HAs extracted from forest soil and incubated samples of plant material (mixture of wheat straw and roots), both without soil and mixed with soil. EPR signals obtained from these samples were subjected to numerical analysis, which showed that the EPR spectra of each sample could be deconvoluted into Lorentzian and Gaussian components. It can be shown that the origin of HAs has a significant impact on the parameters of their EPR spectra. The parameters of EPR spectra of humic acids depend strongly on their origin. The HA samples isolated from forest soils are characterized by higher spin concentration and lower peak-to-peak width of EPR spectra in comparison to those of HAs incubated from plant material.

scholarly journals Expression Characterization of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Genes and Transcription Factors in Peanut Under Water Deficit Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Kubra ◽  
Maryam Khan ◽  
Faiza Munir ◽  
Alvina Gul ◽  
Tariq Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Wide Range

Drought is one of the hostile environmental stresses that limit the yield production of crop plants by modulating their growth and development. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) has a wide range of adaptations to arid and semi-arid climates, but its yield is prone to loss due to drought. Other than beneficial fatty acids and micronutrients, peanut harbors various bioactive compounds including flavonoids that hold a prominent position as antioxidants in plants and protect them from oxidative stress. In this study, understanding of the biosynthesis of flavonoids in peanut under water deficit conditions was developed through expression analysis and correlational analysis and determining the accumulation pattern of phenols, flavonols, and anthocyanins. Six peanut varieties (BARD479, BARI2011, BARI2000, GOLDEN, PG1102, and PG1265) having variable responses against drought stress have been selected. Higher water retention and flavonoid accumulation have been observed in BARI2011 but downregulation has been observed in the expression of genes and transcription factors (TFs) which indicated the maintenance of normal homeostasis. ANOVA revealed that the expression of flavonoid genes and TFs is highly dependent upon the genotype of peanut in a spatiotemporal manner. Correlation analysis between expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and TFs indicated the role of AhMYB111 and AhMYB7 as an inhibitor for AhF3H and AhFLS, respectively, and AhMYB7, AhTTG1, and AhCSU2 as a positive regulator for the expression of Ah4CL, AhCHS, and AhF3H, respectively. However, AhbHLH and AhGL3 revealed nil-to-little relation with the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes. Correlational analysis between the expression of TFs related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and the accumulation of phenolics, flavonols, and anthocyanins indicated coregulation of flavonoid synthesis by TFs under water deficit conditions in peanut. This study would provide insight into the role of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in drought response in peanut and would aid to develop drought-tolerant varieties of peanut.

scholarly journals The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12824
Author(s):  
Weixin Liu ◽  
Yi Feng ◽  
Suhang Yu ◽  
Zhengqi Fan ◽  
Xinlei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites ◽  
Important Intermediate

Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development and having prominent applications in food and medicine. The biosynthesis of flavonoids has long been the focus of intense research in plant biology. Flavonoids are derived from the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, and have a basic structure that comprises a C15 benzene ring structure of C6-C3-C6. Over recent decades, a considerable number of studies have been directed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. In this review, we systematically summarize the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We further assemble an exhaustive map of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants comprising eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis) and four important intermediate metabolites (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin). This review affords a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding flavonoid biosynthesis, and provides the theoretical basis for further elucidating the pathways involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which will aid in better understanding their functions and potential uses.

scholarly journals Novel Point Mutations in the Dihydrofolate Reductase Gene of Plasmodium vivax: Evidence for Sequential Selection by Drug Pressure

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1514-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallika Imwong ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee ◽  
Laurent Rénia ◽  
Franck Letourneur ◽  
Jean-Paul Charlieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dihydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Drug Pressure ◽  
Sequential Selection ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
Antifolate Resistance ◽  
Type Sequence

ABSTRACT Mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) genes of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are associated with resistance to the antifolate antimalarial drugs. P. vivax dhfr sequences were obtained from 55 P. vivax isolates (isolates Belem and Sal 1, which are established lines originating from Latin America, and isolates from patient samples from Thailand [n = 44], India [n = 5], Iran [n = 2], and Madagascar [n = 2]) by direct sequencing of both strands of the purified PCR product and were compared to the P. vivax dhfr sequence from a P. vivax parasite isolated in Pakistan (isolate ARI/Pakistan), considered to represent the wild-type sequence. In total, 144 P. vivax dhfr mutations were found at only 12 positions, of which 4 have not been described previously. An F→L mutation at residue 57 had been observed previously, but a novel codon (TTA) resulted in a mutation in seven of the nine mutated variant sequences. A new mutation at residue 117 resulted in S→T (S→N has been described previously). These two variants are the same as those observed in the P. falciparum dhfr gene at residue 108, where they are associated with different levels of antifolate resistance. Two novel mutations, I→L at residue 13 and T→M at residue 61, appear to be unique to P. vivax. The clinical, epidemiological, and sequence data suggest a sequential pathway for the acquisition of the P. vivax dhfr mutations. Mutations at residues 117 and 58 arise first when drug pressure is applied. Highly mutated genes carry the S→T rather than the S→N mutation at residue 117. Mutations at residues 57 and 61 then occur, followed by a fifth mutation at residue 13.

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