scholarly journals Ottoman sultans and their Christian wives

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Colic ◽  
Milorad Sredojevic
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Important Position

The article is dedicated to the influence of valide sultans on their sons and rulers of the Ottoman Empire, bearing in mind the importance of their positions. Valide sultan was the title held by the ?legal mother? of a ruling Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. This title was held by the living mother of a reigning sultan. But if mothers died before their sons? accession to the throne, they were never bestowed with the title of valide sultan. Valide sultan was perhaps the most important position in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan himself. According to the Muslim tradition, saying that Mother?s right is God?s right, as mother to the sultan, the valide sultan had a significant influence on the affairs of the empire. One of the illustrations of her great power in the court was the fact that her own rooms were always adjacent to her son?s. We were especially focused on the reign of sultan Mahmud II and his life story full of different suspicion, including the clime of the honorable monk from the Atos, elder hadzi Georgiou, that Mahmud II was a crypto Christian.

scholarly journals Reporting from the city: Vignettes from Constantinople in the Dispatches of Lord Strangford during the Eastern Crisis of the 1820s

Chronos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Theophilus C Prousis
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
Explosive Force ◽  
Great Power Politics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Shed Light

The tangled web of the Eastern Question became the single most explosive force in European great power politics during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Constantinople became the epicenter of this contentious dispute in Ottoman-European relations. Eyewitness commentaries by diplomats, travelers, residents, and others who visited this fabled city conveyed images and episodes about various topics, including European interactions with the Ottoman Empire, European designs on contested lands, and Ottoman politics and policy. These scenes and stories not only shed light on the geopolitical heart of the Eastern Question but also reinforce the centrality of this volatile issue in the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Europe.

scholarly journals The explorer as hero: ‘Le Fidèle Apatou’ in the French wilderness

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 197-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Bilby
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Life Story ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
French Culture ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Important Position ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

Reconstructs the life story and activities of the Aluku Maroon Captain Apatu in French Guiana. Author describes how Apatu aligned with and aided French explorer Jules Cerveaux in exploring the Amazon region in the late 1870s, and maintained contacts with other French colonial figures. Partly because his role and achievements in colonial expansion were valued by the French, Apatu became an important intermediary between the French and the Aluku Maroons. Author further outlines how Apatu due to these French contacts, and also a journey to Paris, adapted to and assimilated French culture, although he maintained his sense of Aluku identity. He sketches the context of the French-Aluku contacts through Apatu, discussing how Apatu's political position and ambitions sometimes met with distrust and tensions with fellow-Aluku. He further indicates that Aluku alliance with the French probably was intended as a protection against intrusions of the rivaling Ndyuka Maroons. Apatu maintained his important position and function as intermediary between French and other whites on the one hand, and the Aluku on the other up to his death in 1908. Author pays particular attention to how Apatu, and after him other Aluku, absorbed "Frenchness" while maintaining an Aluku identity. This, he argues, has remained relevant up to the present, in light of assimilation policies by the French in French Guiana, increasingly affecting the Aluku since the 1970s and threatening their Maroon culture.

scholarly journals Return of the Ashes

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
Ozan Ozavci
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Eastern Question

The so-called second Eastern Crisis of 1839–41 came to an end with an intervention in Ottoman Syria on the part of the Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia) and the Ottoman Empire. Yet the intervention saw a fierce opposition from France and Mehmed Ali Pașa of Egypt, under whose control Syria was at the time. This chapter explains why and how Russia gave up her privileged position in Istanbul and agreed upon the 1840 intervention, and why France objected to the idea of Great Power intervention in the Ottoman world. It concludes by highlighting the intricate policies adopted by the Quadruple Alliance and the Sublime Porte to corner the French and Mehmed Ali. The latter two were indeed diplomatically persuaded in the end and even came to review their discourses over the ‘Eastern Question’.

scholarly journals E-5 The Glorious End of Climax with the Tragic Story of The Decline of Islamic World In Twentieth Century; A Historical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Asmat Naz ◽  
Sohail Akhtar ◽  
Saliha Hameed Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Great Power ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strong State ◽  
The World

Islam is a universal religion and it influenced all over the world with its dispensation. After the migration from Makkah to Madinah, the Holy prophet PBUH constituted a new welfare state. In 8th Hijri after the conquest of Makkah Islam became the dominant religion in Arabia. It provided a great power and Muslims challenged the strong and powerful state of Iran and Rome. Especially, during the pious caliphate from 632-661 A.D Islam spread rapidly and Muslims had become a strong nation of the world. They became powerful ruler of a state which was established in three continents Asia, Europe and Africa during Umayyad, Abbasid and Ottoman time respectively. This strong state was thought indeclinable till 18th century. But the start of 19th century changed this approach as the great Mughal state which was lasting its breath faced debacle in 1857. While the strong Ottoman Empire scattered in to several parts and was occupied by Great Britain, France, Italy and USSR after world War-I. The condition of the Muslim became miserable and they lost all the past glory. This paper highlights the basic causes of Muslim's decline in 20th century.

To Constantinople

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Tom McInally
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
The Political ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Recent Scholarship

With reference to a range of recent scholarship, an outline is given of the political and mercantile relationships between West and East, particularly Venice and the Ottoman empire, which allowed freedom of movement between the societies.Lack of detailed records on Strachan’s movements between Paris and Constantinople via Sancta Terra (The Holy Land) has caused a lacuna in his life story which this chapter fills by accounts given by other western travellers of the time. Pietro Della Valle, who makes several references to his friendship with George Strachan, is a rich source, as is George Sandys. Their descriptions of travelling in the region, again together with the findings of modern scholarship, provide meaningful insights into Strachan’s likely experiences.

scholarly journals Returning the Sense of Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 318-352
Author(s):  
Ozan Ozavci
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Power ◽  
International Commission ◽  
French Army ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
French Military ◽  
Sense Of Security

Sixty-two years after Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign to Egypt, in August 1860 the port town of Toulon was once again busy for a French expedition to the Levant. This time the target destination was Syria. Unlike 1798, the French army in 1860 was accompanied by an international commission that consisted of the delegates of each major European Great Power and the Ottoman Empire. With the arrival of the French troops and international commissioners in Syria, the diplomatic struggle that started in the metropoles continued through incessant tensions over the limits of French military action and the European commissioners’ right to interfere with Ottoman authorities’ endeavours to suppress the violence. A new tussle at once began over how to return the sense of security in Syria. The commissioners received an influx of instructions from their capitals which repeatedly placed imperial objectives, suspicions, and their conflicting threat perceptions on the agenda while addressing the security problems in Syria. The men on the ground were thus torn between local realities and the expectations of their superiors. The retribution, indemnities, and administrative reorganization processes were consequently politicized, and bolted the fate of security in Syria onto the reconciliation of imperial interests. This chapter details the workings of the international commission on Syria in 1860–62, and describes how order and tranquillity was restored in the country.

Early Modern Albanians in the Hands of the Inquisition

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-109
Author(s):  
Noel Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Conversion To Islam

It is very difficult to find, in the historical records, the voices of ordinary Albanians from the early modern period; the only rich body of material suitable for this purpose consists of the records of the Inquisition, where individual testimonies are preserved. This essay presents evidence from the Inquisition archives of Venice, Udine, Naples and Malta, plus documents from Palermo (preserved in Madrid), and cases from Barcelona, Majorca and Lisbon. In the great majority of cases, people appeared before the Inquisition because they had converted from Christianity to Islam—mostly while they were living in the Albanian lands, but in some cases when they were elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. Sometimes conversion was a deliberate choice on economic grounds (to avoid taxation), but often the change took place when the person was below the age (early- to mid-teens) when Muslim practice required consent. In several cases the life-story revealed by this evidence involves casual enslavement of young Albanians within the Ottoman Empire by others who were, like them, Ottoman subjects; it is argued that this was a more common phenomenon than standard accounts of Ottoman slavery have suggested. And in a few cases we hear the voices of Albanian women; for two of these, conversion to Islam was an opportunistic act to evade an unwanted marriage.

scholarly journals DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS OF THE VIZIERS AT THE DAWN OF CONQUEST IN OTTOMAN-BYZANTINE RELATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (62) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Institutional Aspects ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Important Position ◽  
The Military

In early period of Ottoman Empire, vizier had an indisputable place. Viziers, especially after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, liberated the empire, which started to be organized in the region of Bithynia, from the traditional Turkish Principality identity as well as its organizational structure. For this reason, it is not a coincidence that in the first period (1299/1302-1453), when poets like Ahmedi were sometimes satirized, the Ottoman Viziers were mostly dealt with in terms of their institutional aspects. Likewise, as researchers have revealed since the first years of the republic; while the Ottoman Viziers occupied important political positions in the Turkish states organized in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, they not only fulfilled the duties and responsibilities of these political positions, but also took initiatives to meet the military and parallel financial needs of the expanding empire. Undoubtedly, the most striking of these are the formation of the janissary corps and the financial system depending on it. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the military and financial revolutions that formed the cornerstone of Ottoman expansionism overshadowed the diplomatic mission of the viziers. Such that even in Fatih's Law, there are few clues regarding this issue, which is considered as the cornerstone of the institutionalization of the empire. The aforementioned code states that the vizierate is the most important position after the emperor, but this position is still an authority that is subject to control by various independent bureaucrats. However, the diplomatic mission of the viziers is uncertain in the early Ottoman perform works or studies, as in the royal decree. The aim of this perform works orstudies are to evaluate the first period Ottoman viziers with their diplomatic missions in the context of the conquest of Constantinople. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Grandvizier, Viziers, Byzantine Empire, Istanbul, Constantinople

scholarly journals An overview of the history of Serbian-British relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
Miljkan Karličić
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The upcoming year, 2022, marks a jubilee - 185 years since the establishment of official diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland at the very beginning of its Victorian era, and the Principality of Serbia at the beginning of its era of establishing statehood. In 1837, diplomatic and consular relations were established between the empire "on which the sun never sets" and the non-sovereign Serbian principality which was nominally autonomous within the framework and structure of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The topic of this paper is an outlook on the history of relations between two old European nations - the Serbs and the English, the Anglo-Saxons or the British , and two states - a great power and a colonial empire on the one hand, and a small but promising European country on the other.

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