scholarly journals Attractiveness of the female body: Preference for the average or the supernormal?

Psihologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Markovic ◽  
Tara Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Computer Animation ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Body Attractiveness ◽  
Attractive Female

The main purpose of the present study was to contrast the two hypotheses of female body attractiveness. The first is the ?preference-for-the average? hypothesis: the most attractive female body is the one that represents the average body proportions for a given population. The second is the ?preference-for-the supernormal? hypothesis: according to the so-called ?peak shift effect?, the most attractive female body is more feminine than the average. We investigated the preference for three female body characteristics: waist to hip ratio (WHR), buttocks and breasts. There were 456 participants of both genders. Using a program for computer animation (DAZ 3D) three sets of stimuli were generated (WHR, buttocks and breasts). Each set included six stimuli ranked from the lowest to the highest femininity level. Participants were asked to choose the stimulus within each set which they found most attractive (task 1) and average (task 2). One group of participants judged the body parts that were presented in the global context (whole body), while the other group judged the stimuli in the local context (isolated body parts only). Analyses have shown that the most attractive WHR, buttocks and breasts are more feminine (meaning smaller for WHR and larger for breasts and buttocks) than average ones, for both genders and in both presentation contexts. The effect of gender was obtained only for the most attractive breasts: males prefer larger breasts than females. Finally, most attractive and average WHR and breasts were less feminine in the local than in the global context. These results support the preference-for the supernormal hypothesis: all analyses have shown that both male and female participants preferred female body parts which are more feminine than those judged average.

HUMAN POSTURE RECONSTRUCTION AND ANIMATION FROM MONOCULAR IMAGES BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHMS

2005 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 371-395
Author(s):  
JIANHUI ZHAO ◽  
LING LI ◽  
KWOH CHEE KEONG
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Criterion Function ◽  
Skeleton Model ◽  
Human Posture ◽  
Monocular Image

The paper aims to propose a new approach towards human posture reconstruction and animation from monocular video sequences that contain any kind of human postures and movements. This is a way towards low cost motion capture and at the same time it avoids many limitations of those classical methods. A parameterized human skeleton model based on anatomy is adopted where the angular constraints are encoded in the joints. Criterion Function is defined to represent the residuals between feature points in the monocular image and the corresponding points resulted from projecting the human model to the projection plane. By transforming each segment of the human model to achieve the minimum value of the Criterion Function, the proper human posture that resembles the one represented by the monocular image can be generated. Different kinds of adjustments are utilized to adjust the body parts into the proper locations and orientations in 3D space without camera calibration. In order to find the optimal solution effectively in a high-dimensional parameter space by considering all the parameters simultaneously, the method of Genetic Algorithms is proposed. A procedure is developed to recover the whole body posture, and then a human animation system is developed to animate a series of human movements from monocular image sequences, during which information between consecutive frames is considered to improve the accuracy. Our technique makes it feasible to reconstruct any possible human postures, and experimental results from many monocular images and video sequences are encouraging.

How do you smile along a path?

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Root Content

Abstract This paper argues that a core component of root meaning is the distinction between body parts versus the body conceived as a whole. This distinction is shown to be relevant in the acceptability of motion sentences in English with whole-body roots like $\sqrt {\textsc{dance}} $ and body-part roots like $\sqrt {\textsc{smile}} $. In keeping with the assumption that roots lack syntactic category, I argue that verbal roots occur freely in syntactic structures but that some root-structure combinations are degraded (or unacceptable), and that this is due to an incompatibility between conceptual root content and interpreted syntactic structure.

scholarly journals Biomechanical factor affecting Baseball Pitching Velocity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Ota ◽  
Ryoga Kuriyama
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Joint Force

In baseball, pitchers have a central role and high-speed pitching is desirable. So far, several studies of the physical factors related to pitching form with the aim of improving the speed of pitched balls have been conducted. In this study, we used a motion capture to acquire three-dimensional (3D) time series data related to the speed of pitched balls and performed a kinetics analysis by using these acquired data. The acquired data were divided into five pitching phases: wind up, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow through. Our analysis identified the body parts that contribute to increasing the speed of pitched balls, i.e., the speed of rotation of individual joints and the timing/phase when power can be applied. Especially, by examining joint angular velocity and joint force, we showed that the speed of pitched balls is determined by the action of the upper limbs as well as the coordinated action of the whole body, particularly the lower limbs and the trunk.

Action Recognition from Pose Signature in Static Image

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 1655010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinzhong Qian ◽  
Wenbin Chen ◽  
I-fan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Static Image ◽  
Image Dataset ◽  
Part Structure

This paper addresses the problem of action recognition from body pose. Detecting body pose in static image faces great challenges because of pose variability. Our method is based on action-specific hierarchical poselet. We use hierarchical body parts each of which is represented by a set of poselets to demonstrate the pose variability of the body part. Pose signature of a body part is represented by a vector of detection responses of all poselets for the part. In order to suppress detection error and ambiguity we explore to use part-based model (PBM) as detection context. We propose a constrained optimization algorithm for detecting all poselets of each part in context of PBM, which recover neglected pose clue by global optimization. We use a PBM with hierarchical part structure, where body parts have varying granularity from whole body steadily decreasing to limb parts. From the structure we get models with different depth to study saliency of different body parts in action recognition. Pose signature of an action image is composed of pose signature of all the body parts in the PBM, which provides rich discriminate information for our task. We evaluate our algorithm on two datasets. Compared with counterpart methods, pose signature has obvious performance improvement on static image dataset. While using the model trained from static image dataset to label detected action person on video dataset, pose signature achieves state-of-the-art performance.

Exploring the effect of mattress cushion materials on human–mattress interface temperatures, pre-sleep thermal state and sleep quality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2090337
Author(s):  
Xiaxia Li ◽  
Bo Zhou ◽  
Liming Shen ◽  
Zhihui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort

A comfortable mattress can create a good sleep environment, but the thermal behaviour of the interaction between the human body and mattress materials is still not well understood. The effect of mattress materials on human–mattress interface temperature and human thermal state was evaluated by subjective questionnaire and measurements to detemine the human–mattress interface temperatures of the whole body and various locations of the body (WTH-M and ETH-M). The woollen fabric and polymeric foam of mattresses were evaluated as optimal cushion materials; these were indicated by measurements at 15.5 and 20°C, due to the higher WTH-M and ETH-M. Moreover, the interface temperatures measured at the back, buttock and thigh were higher with most materials than at other parts of the body, indicating a lower temperature response at the body extremities due to the body–mattress interface. Under the cold climate, people would prefer warm thermal sensation rather than the neutral thermal feeling. There should be more consideration on the thermal insulation of the extremities such as the feet. The human thermal response was not only affected by mattress materials, but also by body parts and indoor air temperatures. These findings are important to understand the heat transfer and human thermal comfort requirements, providing a comfortable thermal environment to ensure sleep quality.

scholarly journals Structure encoding in DNA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Van der Mude
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Regulatory Cascade ◽  
Non Coding Rna

It is proposed that transposons and related long non–coding RNA define the fine structure of body parts. Although morphogens have long been known to direct the formation of many gross structures in early embryonic development, they do not have the necessary precision to define a structure down to the individual cellular level. Using the distinction between procedural and declarative knowledge in information processing as an analogy, it is hypothesized that DNA encodes fine structure in a manner that is different from the genetic code for proteins. The hypothesis states that repeated or near–repeated sequences that are in transposons and non–coding RNA define body part structures. As the cells in a body part go through the epigenetic process of differentiation, the action of methylation serves to inactivate all but the relevant structure definitions and some associated cell type genes. The transposons left active will then physically modify the DNA sequence in the heterochromatin to establish the local context in the three–dimensional body part structure. This brings the encoded definition of the cell type to the histone. The histone code for that cell type starts the regulatory cascade that turns on the genes associated with that particular type of cell, transforming it from a multipotent cell to a fully differentiated cell. This mechanism creates structures in the musculoskeletal system, the organs of the body, the major parts of the brain, and other systems.

scholarly journals ETNOZOLOOGI UNTUK RITUAL ADAT MASYARAKAT DAYAK KAYAAN DI DESA PADUA MENDALAM KECAMATAN PUTUSSIBAU UTARA KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelius Mering ◽  
M Sofwan Anwari ◽  
Hafiz Ardian
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local People ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Snowball Sampling Technique

The local People of Kalimantan until now still depend on nature, they uilize flora and fauna for daily needs. Dayak Kayaan community in Padua Mendalam Village, Putussibau Utara District, Kapuas Hulu Regency have diversity in the utilization of animal Species including the use of animals for traditional rituals. The purpose of this study was to collect data of animals species that used for traditional rituals Dayak Kayaan people in Padua Mendalam Village, Putussibau Utara District, Kapuas Hulu District. Data collection with survey method and interviews with selected respondents using snowball sampling technique. The results there were 9 species from 9 families, every species of family consisted of only 1 species. The body parts used for traditional rituals are blood, the whole body, tail, head, feathers an shells. How to use every part of the body has a difference depending on the type of traditional rituals performed.Keyword : Ethnozoology For Traditional Rituals Community Dayak Kayaan.

scholarly journals Spinal cord injury affects the interplay between visual and sensorimotor representations of the body

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Ionta ◽  
Michael Villiger ◽  
Catherine R Jutzeler ◽  
Patrick Freund ◽  
Armin Curt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Cord Injury

Abstract The brain integrates multiple sensory inputs, including somatosensory and visual inputs, to produce a representation of the body. Spinal cord injury (SCI) interrupts the communication between brain and body and the effects of this deafferentation on body representation are poorly understood. We investigated whether the relative weight of somatosensory and visual frames of reference for body representation is altered in individuals with incomplete or complete SCI (affecting lower limbs’ somatosensation), with respect to controls. To study the influence of afferent somatosensory information on body representation, participants verbally judged the laterality of rotated images of feet, hands and whole-bodies (mental rotation task) in two different postures (participants’ body parts were hidden from view). We found that (i) complete SCI disrupts the influence of postural changes on the representation of the deafferented body parts (feet, but not hands) and (ii) regardless of posture, whole-body representation progressively deteriorates proportionally to SCI completeness. These results demonstrate that the cortical representation of the body is dynamic, responsive and adaptable to contingent conditions, in that the role of somatosensation is altered and partially compensated with a change in the relative weight of somatosensory versus visual bodily representations.

scholarly journals Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles differ between ant body parts: implications for communication and our understanding of CHC diffusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp P Sprenger ◽  
Lisa J Gerbes ◽  
Jacqueline Sahm ◽  
Florian Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
Colony Odour ◽  
Biophysical Mechanism ◽  
Caste Differences

Abstract Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) serve as communication signals and protect against desiccation. They form complex blends of up to 150 different compounds. Due to differences in molecular packing, CHC classes differ in melting point. Communication is especially important in social insects like ants, which use CHCs to communicate within the colony and to recognize nestmates. Nestmate recognition models often assume a homogenous colony odour, where CHCs are collected, mixed and re-distributed in the postpharyngeal gland (PPG). Via diffusion, recognition cues should evenly spread over the body surface. Hence, CHC composition should be similar across body parts and in the PPG. To test this, we compared CHC composition among whole-body extracts, PPG, legs, thorax and gaster, across 17 ant species from three genera. Quantitative CHC composition differed between body parts, with consistent patterns across species and CHC classes. Early-melting CHC classes were most abundant in the PPG. In contrast, whole body, gaster, thorax and legs had increasing proportions of CHC classes with higher melting points. Intra-individual CHC variation was highest for rather solid, late-melting CHC classes, suggesting that CHCs differ in their diffusion rates across the body surface. Our results show that body parts strongly differ in CHC composition, either being rich in rather solid, late-melting or rather liquid, early-melting CHCs. This implies that recognition cues are not homogenously present across the insect body. However, the unequal diffusion of different CHCs represents a biophysical mechanism that enables caste differences despite continuous CHC exchange among colony members.

Not so hysterical now? Psychotherapy, menopause, and hysterectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-252
Author(s):  
Sarah Benamer
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Century ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Gynaecological Surgery ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
The Mind

In the context of the body, the essentially female; wombs, menstrual cycles, and concurrent hormones, have seen women ascribed madness, insatiability, untrustworthiness, and danger. Female bodies have been identified in selective parts, considered in abstract, or envisaged as having overwhelming power over the mind. “Hysteria”, the problematic neurosis of uterine origin was at the heart of early psychoanalysis. This diagnosis enshrines a slippage from the physical to the fantastical, and ultimately to the denial of the lived reality of women’s and girl’s bodies. In apparent collusion with patriarchy the neglect of some female bodily experience is perpetuated in contemporary psychoanalytic theory. Nowhere is this more evident than around menopause and hysterectomy (as experienced by either client or therapist). There has been little or no exploration of how practitioners might best support clients for whom menopause is significant, or how we might facilitate women before or after gynaecological surgery. It is as if removal and psychological loss of the same female body parts that our forebears used to so neatly differentiate, diagnose, and pathologise women are now not of note. I am interested as to how we as psychotherapists reclaim female body narratives from this outdated theoretical paradigm to best serve clients experiencing menopause, gynaecological surgery, and mid life in the twenty-first century.

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