scholarly journals On conformable mathematical model of immune system coupled with intestinal microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (Suppl. 6) ◽  
pp. 2193-2198
Author(s):  
Asif Waheed ◽  
Aqsa Nazir ◽  
Sohail Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Zeb ◽  
Naveed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Deep Relationship

Sometimes, an increased reaction is caused by an immune system of the body to a non-toxic agent (e. g. eggs, dust, pollens or some drugs). This is called allergy or hypersensitivity. The regulatory T cells decrease these allergic reactions. Nowadays, it is noticed that immune system has a deep relationship with micro-organism present in the intestine, that can be explained by the example, that some bacteria of intestine increase production of Treg cells by producing butyric acid like fatty acids. This can also understand that sufficiently different types of T cell receptors of Treg cells are needed to stop the inflammatory response produced by intestinal bacteria. In this study, the dynamic relation of T helper cells, intestinal bacteria and Treg cells are illustrated by a conformable mathematical model. Memory effects are figured out and displayed through graphs. Different plots also show the effects of increasing/decreasing amount of Treg induction efficiency on the whole system.

scholarly journals Antibiotics and baby’s bugs — what effects have antibiotics on the bacteria present in the infant gut?

2012 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Fiona Fouhy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Different Types

Take a moment to consider that there are ten times more bacteria present in the human gut than there are human cells in the body. Surprising and shocking as this may be, it should also occur to you that such vast numbers of bacteria are not there just by chance. In fact, these populations play numerous vital roles in our health and daily functioning. There are at least 100 trillion bacterial cells in the human gut, comprising over 500 different types, and these bacteria are involved in diverse and vital roles such as the digestion of foods, including foods which we would otherwise be unable to metabolise due to a lack of appropriate enzymes. These gut bacteria also contribute to the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; part of the immune system located in the gut which is vital for developing tolerance to beneficial bacteria). Additionally, these gut bacteria ...

scholarly journals Role of the Intestinal Microbiome, Intestinal Barrier and Psychobiotics in Depression

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Paulina Trzeciak ◽  
Mariola Herbet
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Excessive Activation

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. As determined, the microbiota influences the shaping and modulation of the functioning of the gut–brain axis. The intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on processes related to neurotransmitter synthesis, the myelination of neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and is also involved in the development of the amygdala and hippocampus. Intestinal bacteria are also a source of vitamins, the deficiency of which is believed to be related to the response to antidepressant therapy and may lead to exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is known that, in periods of excessive activation of stress reactions, the immune system also plays an important role, negatively affecting the tightness of the intestinal barrier and intestinal microflora. In this review, we have summarized the role of the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and diet in susceptibility to depression. We also describe abnormalities in the functioning of the intestinal barrier caused by increased activity of the immune system in response to stressors. Moreover, the presented study discusses the role of psychobiotics in the prevention and treatment of depression through their influence on the intestinal barrier, immune processes, and functioning of the nervous system.

scholarly journals Sex Hormones and Immune Dimorphism

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Bhatia ◽  
Harmandeep Kaur Sekhon ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Major Factors

The functioning of the immune system of the body is regulated by many factors. The abnormal regulation of the immune system may result in some pathological conditions. Sex hormones of reproductive system are one of the major factors that regulate immune system due to the presence of hormone receptors on immune cells. The interaction of sex hormones and immune cells through the receptors on these cells effect the release of cytokines which determines the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of different types of immunocytes and as a result the outcome of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. The different regulations of sex hormones in both sexes result in immune dimorphism. In this review article the mechanism of regulation of immune system in different sexes and its impact are discussed.

Fractional order model of immune cells influenced by cancer cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmehan Ucar ◽  
Necati Özdemir ◽  
Eren Altun
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Excellent Result ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Fractional Models ◽  
The Mathematical Model

In this paper, we study the mathematical model of interaction cancer cells and immune system cells presented Castiglione and Piccoli. As the interaction between cancer cells and the immune system is weak, when the immune system of the body begins to decrease, the cancer cells get stronger and increase rapidly. Helper CD4+ T and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, cancer cells, dendritic cells and cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) cells are involved in the mathematical model of this competition in the living body. As can be seen in the literature, since the cancer cells have memory structure, fractional models describe the struggle between the cancer cells and immune system give more meaningful results than classical models as closer to the reality. The main motivation of the present work is to generalize the model in Castiglione and Piccoli [J. Theor. Biol. 247 (2007) 723–732] by using Caputo fractional derivative. The main aim is to analyze the behaviors of system cells by changing of the fractional parameter. In this sense, we study on the stability analysis of treatment free and the fixed points of the prescribed model. To get the numerical solutions, we apply the Adam-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) algorithm and also illustrate the results by the graphics held by Matlab program. We have reached the excellent result that cancer cells decrease as θ diminishes in this process.

scholarly journals Cancer at a glance

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-103
Author(s):  
N. Mimoune ◽  
◽  
M.W. Bahouh ◽  
S. Boukhechem ◽  
N.O. Marouf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
Different Types

Cancer is a generic term that groups different types of malignant tumors. Each of them has a specifi c name according to the tissue that gave birth to it. It appears when cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner and take the place of healthy cells. Deaths from cancer are mainly due to damage caused by metastases. This is why it is important to diagnose the disease early, before it spreads in the body. After the diagnosis announcement, cancer management is put in place: it involves several treatments that are articulated throughout the course of care. Cancers have the particularity of reacting differently to treatments. Some types of cancer are best treated with surgery. Others respond better to drugs called chemotherapy. It often happens that several treatments are administered together to ensure the best possible results. Studies have so far focused largely on the tumor cell itself. The new challenge for researchers is now to understand how these cells interact with their immediate environment. What processes do they put in place to escape the immune system or to successfully spread? Understanding these mechanisms could lead to the development of new types of treatment.

scholarly journals Імунний статус телят, хворих на гастроентерит

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (82) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.O. Zinko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Suppressors ◽  
Cellular And Humoral Immunity

It has been established that there is a violation of the immunocompetence of the macroorganism at diseases of the gastrointestinal tract which are accompanied by diarrhea. Since the immune system is one of the most important homeostatic systems in the body, these disorders play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Thus, the purpose of the work was to study the indicators of natural resistance and immunological reactivity in calves with gastroenteritis. The research was carried out at the state enterprise «Milk Rinks»Pravda LTD in Brody district of Lviv region on 1.5–2-month-old-calves. 15 calves were selected for the study: 5 healthy ones and 10 patients with gastroenteritis. Blood for research was taken from the jugular vein before the early feeding.In the study of indicators of natural resistance, it was found that in calves with gastroenteritis, the content of circulating immune complexes in serum is authentically (P < 0.001) greater than 45.1%, bactericidal and lysozyme activity of serum is authentically (P < 0.01 ) lower at 15.1 and 26.3% and phagocytic activity of neutrophils – by 8.6% compared with healthy animals. In the study of lymphocytes and their subpopulations, it was found that the relative amount of T-total and T-active lymphocytes is authentically (P < 0.01) less by 8.6 and 11.7%, respectively, compared with healthy animals, the relative number of T-helper cells – less than 16.4% (P < 0.01). There is no probable difference in the relative number of T-suppressors between patients and healthy animals, but the immunoregulatory index in calves, patients with gastroenteritis, is 19.4% smaller, compared with healthy ones. The relative number of B-lymphocytes was authentically (P < 0.01) less in sick animals by 14.5% compared with clinically healthy ones, and the content of immunoglobulins in serum was lower by 16.3% (P < 0.01). Conclusion: in calves, patients with gastroenteritis, there are a number of violations of the immune system, characterized by a decrease in the parameters of cellular and humoral immunity, which require correction in the process of treatment.

Time delays in proliferation process for solid avascular tumor under the action of external inhibitors

2015 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550018
Author(s):  
Shihe Xu ◽  
Meng Bai
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Stationary Solutions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Avascular Tumor

In this paper a delayed mathematical model for tumor growth under the action of external inhibitors is studied. The delay represents the time taken for cells to undergo mitosis. External inhibitor means that an inhibitor is either developed from the immune system of the body or administered by medical treatment to distinguish with that secreted by tumor itself. Non-negativity of solutions is studied. Local and global stabilities of the stationary solutions are proved for some parameter values. The analysis of the effect of inhibitor's parameters on tumor's growth is presented. The results show that dynamical behavior of solutions of this model is similar to that of solutions for corresponding nondelayed model for some parameter values.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Cancer Risk from the Viewpoint of the Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3326
Author(s):  
Yoshimu Tanaka ◽  
Shin Shimizu ◽  
Masahiko Shirotani ◽  
Kensho Yorozu ◽  
Kunihiro Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

There are various important factors in reducing the risk of cancer development and progression; these factors may correct an unbalanced intake of nutrients to maintain the living body’s homeostasis, detoxify toxic materials, acting as an external factor, and maintain and strengthen the body’s immune function. In a normal cell environment, nutrients, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, are properly digested and absorbed into the body, and, as a result, an environment in which cancer can develop and progress is prevented. It is necessary to prevent toxic materials from entering the body and to detoxify poisons in the body. If these processes occur correctly, cells work normally, and genes cannot be damaged. The most important factor in the fight against cancer and prevention of the development and progression of cancer is the immune system. This requires a nutritional state in which the immune system works well, allowing the intestinal microbiome to carry out all of its roles. In order to grow intestinal microbiota, the consumption of prebiotics, such as organic vegetables, fruits, and dietary fiber, and probiotics of effective intestinal microbiota, such as fermented foods and supplements, is required. Symbiosis, in which these organisms work together, is an effective means of reducing the risk of cancer. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using ultrafine bubble water, produced specially by the Association for Clinical Research of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Japan, is also useful for improving the nutritional condition and reducing the risk of cancer.

Elevated TIM3 expression of T helper cells affects immune system in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1130
Author(s):  
Rong Fu ◽  
Lijuan Li ◽  
Jiaxin Hu ◽  
Yingshuai Wang ◽  
Jinglian Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Through Flow ◽  
Domain 3

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) expression is associated with immunosuppression and clinical outcomes in many diseases. However, the specific mechanism of TIM3 in immune system has not been clarified. In order to illustrate the mechanism of TIM3 in immune system, we analyzed the expression, function and regulation of TIM3 in T helper (Th)1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) through flow cytometry in patients with myelodysplastic syndrom (MDS). Our data showed elevated proportion of Th2 and Treg cells, while the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells decreased in patients with MDS (p<0.05) and the expression of TIM3 increased in Th1, Th17 and Treg cells in patients with MDS when compared with expression in control patients (p<0.05). The secretion of transforming growth factor-β in TIM3+Treg cells decreased in patients with MDS. These findings suggested that TIM3 might affect immune helper systems by regulating Treg cells and related immune cells. Therefore, studying the role of the TIM3 pathway in MDS is necessary and may help to provide a new way to explore the pathogenesis and treatments of MDS.

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE EFFECT OF TOXICANT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMA S. DUBEY ◽  
BALRAM DUBEY
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Local Stability ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Oscillatory Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nonlinear Mathematical Model ◽  
Environmental Toxicant ◽  
Equilibrium Level

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of environmental toxicant on the immune response of the body. Criteria for local stability, instability and global stability are obtained. It is shown that the immune response of the body decreases as the concentration of environmental toxicant increases, and certain criteria are obtained under which it settles down at its equilibrium level. In the absence of toxicant, an oscillatory behavior of immune system and pathogenic growth is observed. However, in the presence of toxicant, oscillatory behavior is not observed. These studies show that the toxicant may have a grave effect on our body's defense mechanism.

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