scholarly journals Antibiotics and baby’s bugs — what effects have antibiotics on the bacteria present in the infant gut?

2012 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Fiona Fouhy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Different Types

Take a moment to consider that there are ten times more bacteria present in the human gut than there are human cells in the body. Surprising and shocking as this may be, it should also occur to you that such vast numbers of bacteria are not there just by chance. In fact, these populations play numerous vital roles in our health and daily functioning. There are at least 100 trillion bacterial cells in the human gut, comprising over 500 different types, and these bacteria are involved in diverse and vital roles such as the digestion of foods, including foods which we would otherwise be unable to metabolise due to a lack of appropriate enzymes. These gut bacteria also contribute to the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; part of the immune system located in the gut which is vital for developing tolerance to beneficial bacteria). Additionally, these gut bacteria ...

scholarly journals The immune system as a biomonitor: explorations in innate and adaptive immunity

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20120099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Thomas ◽  
James Heather ◽  
Gabriel Pollara ◽  
Nandi Simpson ◽  
Theres Matjeka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Ligand Interactions ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Body Self

The human immune system has a highly complex, multi-layered structure which has evolved to detect and respond to changes in the internal microenvironment of the body. Recognition occurs at the molecular or submolecular scale, via classical reversible receptor–ligand interactions, and can lead to a response with great sensitivity and speed. Remarkably, recognition is coupled to memory, such that responses are modulated by events which occurred years or even decades before. Although the immune system in general responds differently and more vigorously to stimuli entering the body from the outside (e.g. infections), this is an emergent property of the system: many of the recognition molecules themselves have no inherent bias towards external stimuli (non-self) but also bind targets found within the body (self). It is quite clear that the immune response registers pathophysiological changes in general. Cancer, wounding and chronic tissue injury are some obvious examples. Against this background, the immune system ‘state’ tracks the internal processes of the body, and is likely to encode information regarding both current and past disease processes. Moreover, the distributed nature of most immune responses (e.g. typically involving lymphoid tissue, non-lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, blood, extracellular interstitial spaces, etc.) means that many of the changes associated with immune responses are manifested systemically, and specifically can be detected in blood. This provides a very convenient route to sampling immune cells. We consider two different and complementary ways of querying the human immune ‘state’ using high-dimensional genomic screening methodologies, and discuss the potentials of these approaches and some of the technological and computational challenges to be overcome.

scholarly journals Sex Hormones and Immune Dimorphism

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Bhatia ◽  
Harmandeep Kaur Sekhon ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Major Factors

The functioning of the immune system of the body is regulated by many factors. The abnormal regulation of the immune system may result in some pathological conditions. Sex hormones of reproductive system are one of the major factors that regulate immune system due to the presence of hormone receptors on immune cells. The interaction of sex hormones and immune cells through the receptors on these cells effect the release of cytokines which determines the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of different types of immunocytes and as a result the outcome of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. The different regulations of sex hormones in both sexes result in immune dimorphism. In this review article the mechanism of regulation of immune system in different sexes and its impact are discussed.

scholarly journals Some Effects of Sound and Music on Organisms and Cells: A Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jean-Marie Exbrayat ◽  
Claire Brun
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
The Brain

In animals, the sound vibrations are captured by the auditory cells, then transformed into electrical signals and conveyed to the nervous centers where they can be interpreted such as music. A lot of studies concern the effect of sound on the auditory cells and on the brain. Nevertheless, musical vibrations also affect other cells types in several organisms. These researches being not of the same nature, they need to be classified in order to provide elements of understanding the effects of music on cell biology. A lot of works were done on the effects of music on non-auditory cells. Effects on growth, apoptosis, immune system, protein activities in animal, plant and bacterial cells have been shown. These effects are of a physiological nature and require molecules and physicochemical mechanisms. Some works were performed on vegetal or animal total organisms, others directly on cells themselves, using cell cultures. Few works concern eukaryotic unicellular organisms. Results of these studies show music and sound exert effects on the physiology. But the experiments and results are still well disparate, with effects of different types of music on organisms via auditory on non-auditory cells, sometimes involving both auditory and non-auditory cells. Whatever the large variation of results, the study of the effects of sound and especially music on the cells is a subject on the future, considering the immense possibilities offered by music in modulating physiology, with potential therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Content and location of lymphocyte subpopulations with markers CD4+, CD8+ and CD20+ in the esophageal tonsil of chickens and the Meckel diverticulum of ducks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-402
Author(s):  
V. Т. Khomich ◽  
N. V. Dyshliuk ◽  
T. A. Mazurkevych ◽  
S. V. Guralskа ◽  
S. І. Usenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Meckel’S Diverticulum ◽  
Lymphocyte Subpopulations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meckel's Diverticulum ◽  
Meckel Diverticulum ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Immune formations of birds' digestive organs, including the esophageal tonsil and Meckel’s diverticulum, protect the body from foreign antigens that enter the body with food and water and play an important role in maintaining the genetic constancy of its internal environment. This unique property of the immune system is formed during ontogenesis and is associated with maintaining the selection of lymphocyte clones that are able to respond to foreign antigens and carry out a specific immune response of two types: humoral and cellular. This article presents the results of a study of T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations of the esophageal tonsil of Shever 579 cross chickens at the age of 25, 180 and 300 days, the Meckel diverticulum of the Blagovarsky cross ducks at the age of 30, 150 and 180 days. Immunohistochemical and statistical research methods were used to determine the localization and quantitative parameters of cell populations of lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, CD20+) using monoclonal antibodies and the DAKO EnVision FLEX+ imaging system (Dako Cytomation, Denmark). Separate subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ - helpers, CD8+ -cytotoxic / T-suppressors) and mature B-lymphocytes (CD20+) were found in the esophageal tonsil and Meckel diverticulum of birds. Their presence confirms that antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes into effector cells occur in the immune formations of the digestive system. The lymphoid tissue of these formations is represented mainly by a well-defined diffuse form and nodules with light centers (secondary). In the esophageal tonsil of chickens, these structures are located in the tunica mucosa and tela submucosa, and in the Meckel diverticulum of ducks – also in the tunica muscularis. The content of lymphocytes with these markers predominates in diffuse lymphoid tissue compared to that in secondary lymphoid nodules. In the diffuse lymphoid tissue of the esophageal tonsil, lymphocytes are located mainly near the adenomeres and excretory ducts of the esophageal glands, blood vessels, and under the surface epithelium, and in Meckel’s diverticulum – around the crypts, in their epithelium and in the epithelium of the villi. They are also found in the light centers of lymphoid nodules and on their periphery. The indices of the content of lymphocytes with the indicated markers in the esophageal tonsil and Meckel diverticulum which we determined were associated with age characteristics of the poultry in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. According to our observations, the content of CD20+ lymphocytes was the highest, while the populations of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were much smaller. This indicates an increase in the activity and predominance of the humoral immunity over the cellular one. The content of CD20+ lymphocytes was highest in birds at the age of 180 days, that is, during their sexual maturity. The data presented in the work can be used by morphologists researching the organs of the immune system, immunologists, poultry specialists involved in breeding, using and raising poultry and in educational work.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Ángeles Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Vertebrate Immune System

The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

scholarly journals Cancer at a glance

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-103
Author(s):  
N. Mimoune ◽  
◽  
M.W. Bahouh ◽  
S. Boukhechem ◽  
N.O. Marouf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
Different Types

Cancer is a generic term that groups different types of malignant tumors. Each of them has a specifi c name according to the tissue that gave birth to it. It appears when cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner and take the place of healthy cells. Deaths from cancer are mainly due to damage caused by metastases. This is why it is important to diagnose the disease early, before it spreads in the body. After the diagnosis announcement, cancer management is put in place: it involves several treatments that are articulated throughout the course of care. Cancers have the particularity of reacting differently to treatments. Some types of cancer are best treated with surgery. Others respond better to drugs called chemotherapy. It often happens that several treatments are administered together to ensure the best possible results. Studies have so far focused largely on the tumor cell itself. The new challenge for researchers is now to understand how these cells interact with their immediate environment. What processes do they put in place to escape the immune system or to successfully spread? Understanding these mechanisms could lead to the development of new types of treatment.

scholarly journals Dynamics of quantitative changes of diffuse lymphoid tissue cells of bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin

Morphologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
S.S. Popko ◽  
V.M. Yevtushenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Experimental Group

Background. There is a progressive increase of respiratory allergic diseases nowadays in the world, made it necessary to study the participation of the components of the immune system in these processes. From the point of view of modern aspects about the organs of the immune system, interesting are the patterns of morphogenesis and function of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue, occupied a special place in the immunological protection of the body due to the large area of contact with various antigens. Morphogenesis and reactive changes in the local immunity in respiratory system in conditions of allergic inflammation remain urgent issue of modern morphology. Objective. To study the changes in diffuse lymphoid tissue of bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin. Methods. We have studied the lung of 48 guinea pigs, using histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical methods, under conditions of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation, assessed the average number of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. Results. The average number of lymphocytes in diffuse lymphoid tissue of bronchi and lungs increased from the 23rd day of observation and remained at a high level until the end of the experiment, the maximum was during the early period of the development of allergic inflammation, the increasing coefficient was 4.7. The average number of plasma cells also acquired maximum elevation in the early period of allergic process, the increasing coefficient was 2.0. The most significant average number of macrophages was on the 23rd day of observation with same increasing coefficient. Among all types of immunocompetent cells of diffuse lymphoid tissue in bronchi and lungs, T-lymphocytes prevailed during the experiment elevated almost by 5 times. Conclusions. In the early period of development of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation, the specific resistance of the respiratory system manifests itself in the form of activation of local links of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, as evidenced by the dynamics of changes in the average number of lymphocytes (the maximum increasing coefficient 4.7 in the 1st experimental group), macrophages and plasma cells (maximum increasing coefficient 2.0 in the 1st experimental group) of diffuse lymphoid tissue of bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs.

scholarly journals The Role of the Intestinal Context in the Generation of Tolerance and Inflammation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Sgarbi Reis ◽  
Daniel Mucida
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
System A ◽  
Enormous Amount

The mucosal surface of the intestine alone forms the largest area exposed to exogenous antigens as well as the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body. The enormous amount of nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria and food-derived antigens that we are daily exposed sets an interesting challenge to the immune system: a protective immune activity must coexist with efficient regulatory mechanisms in order to maintain a health status of these organisms. This paper discusses how the immune system assimilates the perturbations from the environment without generating tissue damage.

scholarly journals On conformable mathematical model of immune system coupled with intestinal microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (Suppl. 6) ◽  
pp. 2193-2198
Author(s):  
Asif Waheed ◽  
Aqsa Nazir ◽  
Sohail Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Zeb ◽  
Naveed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Deep Relationship

Sometimes, an increased reaction is caused by an immune system of the body to a non-toxic agent (e. g. eggs, dust, pollens or some drugs). This is called allergy or hypersensitivity. The regulatory T cells decrease these allergic reactions. Nowadays, it is noticed that immune system has a deep relationship with micro-organism present in the intestine, that can be explained by the example, that some bacteria of intestine increase production of Treg cells by producing butyric acid like fatty acids. This can also understand that sufficiently different types of T cell receptors of Treg cells are needed to stop the inflammatory response produced by intestinal bacteria. In this study, the dynamic relation of T helper cells, intestinal bacteria and Treg cells are illustrated by a conformable mathematical model. Memory effects are figured out and displayed through graphs. Different plots also show the effects of increasing/decreasing amount of Treg induction efficiency on the whole system.

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