A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE EFFECT OF TOXICANT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMA S. DUBEY ◽  
BALRAM DUBEY
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Local Stability ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Oscillatory Behavior ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nonlinear Mathematical Model ◽  
Environmental Toxicant ◽  
Equilibrium Level

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the effect of environmental toxicant on the immune response of the body. Criteria for local stability, instability and global stability are obtained. It is shown that the immune response of the body decreases as the concentration of environmental toxicant increases, and certain criteria are obtained under which it settles down at its equilibrium level. In the absence of toxicant, an oscillatory behavior of immune system and pathogenic growth is observed. However, in the presence of toxicant, oscillatory behavior is not observed. These studies show that the toxicant may have a grave effect on our body's defense mechanism.

MODELING EFFECTS OF TOXICANT ON UNINFECTED CELLS, INFECTED CELLS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE PRESENCE OF VIRUS

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 479-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. DUBEY ◽  
UMA S. DUBEY ◽  
J. HUSSAIN
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Global Stability ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Local Stability ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environmental Toxicant ◽  
Infected Cells

In this paper, two mathematical models are proposed and analyzed. The first one deals with the interaction of uninfected cells, infected cells, viruses and immune response within humans. The second one deals with the effects of environmental toxicant on the first model. In each case, sufficient conditions for local stability and global stability of the equilibria are obtained, computer simulations are performed and the result is biologically interpreted. It has been seen that the environmental toxicant has detrimental effects on healthy cells, infected cells as well as on the immune response of the body.

scholarly journals The Mechanism of Stimulating and Mobilizing the Immune System Enhancing the Anti-Tumor Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguo Wu ◽  
Shang Li ◽  
Xiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cell Components

Cancer immunotherapy is a kind of therapy that can control and eliminate tumors by restarting and maintaining the tumor-immune cycle and restoring the body’s normal anti-tumor immune response. Although immunotherapy has great potential, it is currently only applicable to patients with certain types of tumors, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and cancer with high mutation load and microsatellite instability, and even in these types of tumors, immunotherapy is not effective for all patients. In order to enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, this article reviews the research progress of tumor microenvironment immunotherapy, and studies the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we focused on immunotherapy against tumor microenvironment (TME) and discussed the important research progress. TME is the environment for the survival and development of tumor cells, which is composed of cell components and non-cell components; immunotherapy for TME by stimulating or mobilizing the immune system of the body, enhancing the anti-tumor immunity. The checkpoint inhibitors can effectively block the inhibitory immunoregulation, indirectly strengthen the anti-tumor immune response and improve the effect of immunotherapy. We also found the checkpoint inhibitors have brought great changes to the treatment model of advanced tumors, but the clinical treatment results show great individual differences. Based on the close attention to the future development trend of immunotherapy, this study summarized the latest progress of immunotherapy and pointed out a new direction. To study the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing the immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity can provide new opportunities for cancer treatment, expand the clinical application scope and effective population of cancer immunotherapy, and improve the survival rate of cancer patients.

Environmental Toxicant and Immune cells: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
Aparajita Ray ◽  
Chiranjeeb Dey
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Environmental Toxicology ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Environmental Toxicant

Immune system is the adaptive defense mechanism which is evolved in vertebrates to keep them from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer. In immune system consists of some specialized cells like: lymphocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, basophils, macrophages, eiosinophils, mast cells, etc.Ecotoxicology is a subdisicipline of environmental toxicology concerd with studing the damaging effects of toxicants at the population and nature. Environmental toxicants are simply toxic substances in the nature. Environmental toxicant which is effect on ecosystem very badly.In this paper we discuss that how environmental toxicant effect on immune system or immune cells.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling of trastuzumab-induced immune response in an in vivo murine model of HER2+ breast cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M Jarrett ◽  
Meghan J Bloom ◽  
Wesley Godfrey ◽  
Anum K Syed ◽  
David A Ekrut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Her2 Breast Cancer ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Abstract The goal of this study is to develop an integrated, mathematical–experimental approach for understanding the interactions between the immune system and the effects of trastuzumab on breast cancer that overexpresses the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). A system of coupled, ordinary differential equations was constructed to describe the temporal changes in tumour growth, along with intratumoural changes in the immune response, vascularity, necrosis and hypoxia. The mathematical model is calibrated with serially acquired experimental data of tumour volume, vascularity, necrosis and hypoxia obtained from either imaging or histology from a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. Sensitivity analysis shows that model components are sensitive for 12 of 13 parameters, but accounting for uncertainty in the parameter values, model simulations still agree with the experimental data. Given theinitial conditions, the mathematical model predicts an increase in the immune infiltrates over time in the treated animals. Immunofluorescent staining results are presented that validate this prediction by showing an increased co-staining of CD11c and F4/80 (proteins expressed by dendritic cells and/or macrophages) in the total tissue for the treated tumours compared to the controls ($p < 0.03$). We posit that the proposed mathematical–experimental approach can be used to elucidate driving interactions between the trastuzumab-induced responses in the tumour and the immune system that drive the stabilization of vasculature while simultaneously decreasing tumour growth—conclusions revealed by the mathematical model that were not deducible from the experimental data alone.

The dynamics of cellular factors of the im-mune system of healthy minks, experimentally infected with eimeriidosis, under specific therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Y. E. Kuznetsov ◽  
◽  
N.V. Kuznetsova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treat Ment ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Cellular Factors

The immune response in animals and hu-mans is a biological defense mechanism against negative environmental factors. The immune system is a complex of organs and cells of the body, that reacts (protects) against foreign objects-protozoas and hel-minths. The aim of the study was to investi-gate the dynamics of cellular factors of the immune system of healthy minks, experi-mentally invaded with eimeriidosis against the background of specific immunocorrec-tive therapy. To study the dynamics of T-lymphocytes in the blood of animals, being at the specific immunocorrective therapy, a single-center prospective blind randomized comparative study was conducted in parallel groups. At the initial stage of the study, 56 male minks were isolated from the general population. The first group of clinically healthy animals was the control group. From the second to the sixth groups, animals were spontaneously infected with eimerias and isospores. Animals from the third and fifth groups were treated with coccidiostatic "Stop-coccid". Mink of the 4th and 6th groups received the drug "Ametherm 5%". Minks in the 5th and 6th groups after treat-ment with coccidiostatic were adninistered an immunomodulatory drug of plant origin "Phytodoc-immunostim". The 7th group served as an additional control and received a placebo-water with starch. Thus, the analy-sis of the results of the clinical study showed that the use of specific and immunocorrec-tive therapy has a positive effect on the dy-namics of T-lymphocyte levels in the blood of animals with eimeriidosis. In group 3, where infected minks were treated with "Stop-coccid", the level of T-lymphocytes increased by 35.8% to 41.1%; in the 4th group (administered "Ametherm 5%") the level of T-lymphocytes rose from 35.2% to 42.3%; in the 5th group (administered “Stop-coccid” and immunomodulator) the level of T-lymphocytes changed from 36.5% to 43,0% in the 6-th experimental group (treated "Ametherm 5%" and immunomodu-lator) the level of T-lymphocyte growth from 38.6% to 43.9 per cent.

scholarly journals The effect of environmental tax on the survival of biological species in a polluted environment: a mathematical model

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Agarwal ◽  
S. Devi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Local Stability ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Polluted Environment ◽  
Nonlinear Mathematical Model ◽  
Runge Kutta Method

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed for the survival of biological species affected by a pollutant present in the environment. It is considered that the emission of the pollutant into the environment is dynamic in nature and depends on the environmental tax imposed on the emitters. It is also assumed that the environmental tax is imposed to control the emission of pollutants only when the concentration level of pollutants in the environment crosses a limit over which the pollutants starts causing harm to the population under consideration. Criteria for local stability, global stability and permanence are obtained using theory of ordinary differential equations. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the dynamics of the system using fourth order Runge–Kutta Method. It is found that, as the emission rate of pollutants in the environment increases, the density of biological species decreases. It may also be pointed out that the biological species may even become extinct if the rate of emission of pollutants increases continuously. However, if some environmental taxes are imposed to control the rate of emission of these pollutants into the environment, the density of biological species can be maintained at a desired level.

Plant Phenolics and Lectins as Vaccine Adjuvants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 1236-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernández-Ramos Reyna-Margarita ◽  
Castillo-Maldonado Irais ◽  
Rivera-Guillén Mario-Alberto ◽  
Ramírez-Moreno Agustina ◽  
Serrano-Gallardo Luis-Benjamín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Plant Phenolics ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Foreign Substance

Background: The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response, if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination. The adaptive immune response objective is developing a specific humoral response that consists in the production of soluble proteins known as antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the foreign agent; such protective mechanism is induced artificially through an immunization or vaccination. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of the antigens is an intrinsic characteristic of the same antigen dependent on several factors. Conclusion: Vaccine adjuvants are chemical substances of very varied structure that seek to improve the immunogenicity of antigens. The main four types of adjuvants under investigation are the following: 1) Oil emulsions with an antigen in solution, 2) Pattern recognition receptors activating molecules, 3) Inflammatory stimulatory molecules or activators of the inflammasome complex, and 4) Cytokines. However, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of two phytochemical compounds as vaccine adjuvants: 5) Lectins, and 6) Plant phenolics whose characteristics, mechanisms of action and disadvantages are addressed. Finally, the immunological usefulness of these molecules is discussed through immunological data to estimate effects of plant phenolics and lectins as vaccine adjuvants, and current studies that have implanted these molecules as vaccine adjuvants, demonstrating the results of this immunization.

Immunological changes accompanying the development of experimental neoplastic process

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Elena Aleksandrovna Dementeva ◽  
Olga Petrovna Gurina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Cell Types

The key immunology problem remains the understanding of the mechanisms for the effective protection of the body against various pathogens with simultaneous suppression of the immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of neoplastic pathological processes includes violations of the mechanisms of normal cell growth and cell proliferation. Antitumor immune response is a complex event, involving many different cell types. But despite the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of tumor-associated antigens, the neoplastic process overcomes the protective forces of the organism, grows and spreads. For cancer cells characterized by independence from antiproliferative signals, autocrine stimulation of growth disturbances in the system, induction of apoptosis and control of genome stability. As a result of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells differ significantly from the normal range and the level of expression of genes involved in the transformation process, the accumulation of mutations in key genes promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis. This creates the opportunity for recognition by cells of the immune system. The study of changes in value and operation of the various elements of the immune system in the development of experimental neoplastic process allows you to identify the mechanisms of interaction in the system «malignant tumor-immune system, to assess patterns of interaction with other organs and tissues, to create a theoretical pathogenetically reasonable premise for the development of anticancer therapy.

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS ON A PREY-PREDATOR TYPE FISHERY

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
MINI GHOSH ◽  
PEEYUSH CHANDRA ◽  
PRAWAL SINHA
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Pollutant Concentration ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Nonlinear Mathematical Model ◽  
Closed Population ◽  
Equilibrium Level

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to see the indirect effect of air pollutants on the prey-predator type fish population in a closed population (lake). It is shown that as the pollutant concentration in the environment increases, the concentration of the acidic chemicals in the lake increases and consequently the equilibrium level of the fish population decreases. Using stability theory of differential equations and computer simulation, it is shown that due to the effort, pollutant concentration can be reduced to a desired level to save fisheries from extinction by acid rain.

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