scholarly journals Sex Hormones and Immune Dimorphism

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Bhatia ◽  
Harmandeep Kaur Sekhon ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Major Factors

The functioning of the immune system of the body is regulated by many factors. The abnormal regulation of the immune system may result in some pathological conditions. Sex hormones of reproductive system are one of the major factors that regulate immune system due to the presence of hormone receptors on immune cells. The interaction of sex hormones and immune cells through the receptors on these cells effect the release of cytokines which determines the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of different types of immunocytes and as a result the outcome of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. The different regulations of sex hormones in both sexes result in immune dimorphism. In this review article the mechanism of regulation of immune system in different sexes and its impact are discussed.

Physical plasma and leukocytes – immune or reactive?

2018 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Bekeschus ◽  
Christian Seebauer ◽  
Kristian Wende ◽  
Anke Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Physical Plasma

AbstractLeukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific sites throughout the body. Less than a decade ago, physical plasmas entered the field of medicine to deliver their delicate mix of reactive species and other physical agents for mainly dermatological or oncological therapy. Plasma treatment thus affects leukocytes via direct or indirect means: immune cells are either present in tissues during treatment, or infiltrate or exfiltrate plasma-treated areas. The immune system is crucial for human health and resolution of many types of diseases. It is therefore vital to study the response of leukocytes after plasma treatmentin vitroandin vivo. This review gathers together the major themes in the plasma treatment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and puts these into the context of wound healing and oncology, the two major topics in plasma medicine.

scholarly journals Role of immune cells in the ocular manifestations of pemphigoid diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 251584141986812
Author(s):  
Tanima Bose
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ocular Distribution

Pemphigoid disease is classified according to the phenotypical location of the disease and the presence of different types of antibodies. The ocular distribution of pemphigoid mainly occurs in patients with bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Several immune cells, including the cells of the innate immune system (neutrophils and γδ T cells) and the adaptive immune system (T and B cells), are involved in pemphigoid disease. The treatment of pemphigoid is still wide-ranging, and the most utilized treatment is the use of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. In this scenario, it is absolutely important to screen the immune cells that are involved in this group of diseases and to determine if a targeted treatment approach is plausible. In conclusion, this review will identify some newer treatment possibilities for the whole spectrum of pemphigoid diseases.

scholarly journals Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.

scholarly journals Вплив бровітакокциду сукупно з плодами розторопші плямистої на стан імунної системи індиків за еймеріозної інвазії

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
I. Khariv ◽  
B. Gutyj ◽  
V. Hunchak ◽  
N. Slobodyuk ◽  
A. Vynyarska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Specific Phase

The immune system provides resistance of the organism against bacterial and viral infections in the body of the poultry. In the intestinal mucosa of eymeria it was secrete metabolic products, that are toxic to various systems and tissues of turkeys. Eymeria, parasitizing in the gut, inhibit specific phase of immunity presented by antibodies (humoral type), reduce the activity of sensitized cells (cell type), slow down nonspecific phase of immunity, represented by various immune cells. The rapid and complete recovery of functional state of the immune system in turkeys, affected by eymeriozic invasion it was found if brovitatoxide was given if the aggregate of the fruits of milk thistle. Fruits contain group of flavius lignans named «Sylimaryn», acting immune stimulatory for the development of secondary immuno deficiencies state of body.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Otolaryngology: Focus on the Emerging Role of Estrogens in Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8768
Author(s):  
Sheng-Dean Luo ◽  
Tai-Jan Chiu ◽  
Wei-Chih Chen ◽  
Ching-Shuen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Proinflammatory Responses ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Nose And Throat

Otolaryngology (also known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT)) diseases can be significantly affected by the level of sex hormones, which indicates that sex differences affect the manifestation, pathophysiology, and outcomes of these diseases. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that proinflammatory responses in ENT diseases are linked to the level of sex hormones. The sex hormone receptors are present on a wide variety of immune cells; therefore, it is evident that they play crucial roles in regulating the immune system and hence affect the disease progression of ENT diseases. In this review, we focus on how sex hormones, particularly estrogens, regulate ENT diseases, such as chronic rhinosinusitis, vocal fold polyps, thyroid cancer, Sjögren’s syndrome, and head and neck cancers, from the perspectives of inflammatory responses and specialized proresolving mediator-driven resolution. This paper aims to clarify why considering sex differences in the field of basic and medical research on otolaryngology is a key component to successful therapy for both males and females in the future.

scholarly journals Antibiotics and baby’s bugs — what effects have antibiotics on the bacteria present in the infant gut?

2012 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Fiona Fouhy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Different Types

Take a moment to consider that there are ten times more bacteria present in the human gut than there are human cells in the body. Surprising and shocking as this may be, it should also occur to you that such vast numbers of bacteria are not there just by chance. In fact, these populations play numerous vital roles in our health and daily functioning. There are at least 100 trillion bacterial cells in the human gut, comprising over 500 different types, and these bacteria are involved in diverse and vital roles such as the digestion of foods, including foods which we would otherwise be unable to metabolise due to a lack of appropriate enzymes. These gut bacteria also contribute to the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; part of the immune system located in the gut which is vital for developing tolerance to beneficial bacteria). Additionally, these gut bacteria ...

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Brown Adipose Tissue Function: Sex Hormones, Glucocorticoids, and Their Crosstalk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasiphak Kaikaew ◽  
Aldo Grefhorst ◽  
Jenny A. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Brown Adipose

Excessive fat accumulation in the body causes overweight and obesity. To date, research has confirmed that there are two types of adipose tissue with opposing functions: lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) and lipid-burning brown adipose tissue (BAT). After the rediscovery of the presence of metabolically active BAT in adults, BAT has received increasing attention especially since activation of BAT is considered a promising way to combat obesity and associated comorbidities. It has become clear that energy homeostasis differs between the sexes, which has a significant impact on the development of pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Sex differences in BAT activity may contribute to this and, therefore, it is important to address the underlying mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in BAT activity. In this review, we discuss the role of sex hormones in the regulation of BAT activity under physiological and some pathological conditions. Given the increasing number of studies suggesting a crosstalk between sex hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolism, we also discuss this crosstalk in relation to sex differences in BAT activity.

Communication Between Minibrain in Gut and Enteric Immune System

Physiology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
JD Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Neuroimmune Communication ◽  
Direct Investigation

An independent minibrain with as many neurons as the spinal cord and an immune system with a number of immune cells equal to those in the remainder of the body are found in the gut. This presents an ideal model for direct investigation of neuroimmune communication.

Ayurvedic Concept of Vega of Visha - A Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2501-2506
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar ◽  
Manish Rajak ◽  
Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right

Ayurveda Samhita describes various types of Visha such as Sthavara Visha (Inanimate poison), Jangama Visha (Animate poison) and Kritima Visha. These types of Visha, when it enters into the body, it passes through the different Dhatus and give rise to different stages of Vega in the body and according to these Vegas, different types of signs and symptoms appear on the body. The main aim of this review article is to compile and evaluate the concept of Visha Vega and their sign & symptoms. All the descriptions of Visha Vega mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts were critically analyzed and discussed to check their relation. After analysis, it is observed that all the symptoms which appear during entering of the Visha are mainly due to their Vegas. As gradually stages of Vega progresses, their signs and symptoms gradually become more severe. After critically analyzed it is concluded that if we diagnosed the different Vegas of Visha  at the right time, we could treat those patients better.

Autoimmune diseases and gender gap

PNEI REVIEW ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
Anna Giulia Bottaccioli ◽  
Francesco Bottaccioli
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
External World ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Microbial Agents

The concept of autoimmunity is both counterintuitive and anti-paradigmatic: indeed, during the last century, the immune system has been viewed as a defence system against external microbial agents - "the" cause of illness. However, the scientific research has found out that the immune system shows a much higher complexity, similarly to the nervous system: in particular, the immune system has an outstanding ability to adapt to the environment, which is defined by all the stimuli coming from either the inside of the body or the external world. Nutrition, physical activity, pollution, psychological stress, social relationships, and microbes (both symbiotic and pathogens) can greatly influence the activation of the immune system: on the one hand, the immune cells could be induced to orchestrate efficient responses to potential threats; on the other hand, they could be induced to attack the tissues of the body. The authors, therefore, aim to briefly review the research that showed how the environment, more than genetic factors, could influence the immune system, in particular, expanding on the reasons why autoimmunity appears to be way more prevalent in women than in men.

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