scholarly journals Effects of tibolone on the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Jeremic ◽  
Gordana Lazovic ◽  
Ivan Tulic ◽  
Miroslava Gojnic ◽  
Jelena Stojnic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Background/Aim. Tibolone is a preparation that belongs to the group of steroidal substances. The effects of the use of the use of tibolone are the consequence of the activities of its metabolities, considering that their hormonal activity depends on the type of tissue in which they develop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of tibolone on risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. Methods. A prospective observational stady included 94 patients who had the concentration of l7? estradiol < 50 pg/ml, and who was in menopause more than a year. Out of the total number of patients, 63 accepted to receive tibolone 2.5 mg daily (tibolone group), while 31 of the patients refused to take tibolone (control group). We measured the concentration of lipids (cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglicerides), antitrombin III, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein, before and after the treatment within a 6-month period. Then, we compared the difference between the values of concentrations and tested the statistical significance of the difference. We also evaluated the changes of values in the concentrations of the examinated parameters inside a 6-month period in the control group. Results. In 31 patients of the control group, from the control group there were no significant changes in the values of the defined parameters as compared to their initial values after six months. But there were changes of statistical significance (p < 0.001) in values of the concentrations of the exeminated parameters before and after the treatment in the tibolone group. In fact, we recorded decreases in the total cholesterol by 17.8%, HDL cholesterol by 27%, LDL cholesterol by 4% (without statistical significance p > 0.05) and triglicerids by 35%. There were no statistical differences in the concentrations of antitrombin III, fibrionogen, and C-reactive proteine in the tibolone group before and after the treatment. Conclusion. The use of tibolone dose decrease the concentration of the total cholesterol, triglicerides, HDL cholesterol, without a significant decrease of LDL cholesterol. Also, the use of tibolone does not have any significant effect on the concentrations of antitrombin III, fibrinogen and C-reactive proteine. The number of serum parameters measured in this study was limited, thus that was the reason to discuss only about the metabolism of lipids in the patients from the tibolone group. The final conclusion about the risk for cardiovascular diseases in the patients on tibolone, howerer, reqnires were extensive further clinical exeminations.

scholarly journals The role of plant stanols in the primary prevention of hypercholesterolemia in patients with arterial hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
A. S. Safaryan ◽  
T. V. Kamyshova ◽  
D. V. Nebieridze ◽  
V. D. Sargsyan
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Plant Stanols ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lipid Parameters

Aim. To assess the efficacy and safety of plant stanols in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and disorders of lipid metabolism, without clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis.Material and methods. The study included 40 patients — men at the age of 50-55 years, with AH (stage 1) and cholesterol above 5,0 mmol/l and LDL cholesterol above 3,0 mmol/l with low and medium risk (SCORE — 1-4%). Patients with coronary artery disease and other clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, secondary hypertension, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus, secondary dyslipoproteinemia, cardiovascular diseases requiring constant therapy, bronchial asthma were excluded from the study. Patients were randomized into 2 groups of 20 people. In the study group of patients within 3 months received plant stanols (2 tab./day), in the control group — only healthy diet. In addition, patients with high blood pressure received antihypertensive therapy. Assessment of lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) was performed at baseline and after 3 months. At the beginning of the study, after 3 months of the study patients underwent a full medical examination. Safety control of plant stanols was carried out by determination of liver enzymes (aspartic transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT)), before and after the completion of the study.Results. Patients of two groups were comparable in baseline characteristics (lipid parameters, blood pressure level). After 3 months of research beginning patients from study group have statistically significant decrease of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The average level of total cholesterol before treatment was 5,8±0,32 mmol/l, and after treatment — 5,3±0,32 mmol/l, p<0,001. The average level of LDL cholesterol before treatment was 3,6±0,26 mmol/l, and after treatment — 3,3±0,25 mmol/l, p<0,001. According to other lipid parameters (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) significant differences are not obtained. As a result, there was a significant reduction in the total risk from 4% to 3,1%. As for the control group, the dynamics of lipid parameters were practically not observed. For example, the average level of total cholesterol before treatment was 5,7±0,39 mmol/l, and after treatment — 5,6±0,42 mmol/l. The average level of LDL cholesterol before treatment was 3,6±0,21 mmol/l, and after treatment — 3,6±0,21 mmol/l. The differences between the study and control groups in the reduction of total and LDL cholesterol were highly significant (p<0,001). The study did not reveal the dynamics of liver enzymes. The level of AST before treatment in the study group was 28,4±6,54, and after treatment — 29,5±5,56. ALT levels were 32,3±7,38 and 33,9±5,65, before and after the study, respectively.Conclusion. The study shows the high efficacy and safety of plant stanols. We found a significant decrease of the two most important parameters of lipid metabolism — total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.

Association between hyperlipidemia and prostatic enlargement: A case-control study

2021 ◽  
pp. 039156032110034
Author(s):  
Güven Erbay ◽  
Gökhan Ceyhun
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Prostate Size ◽  
Prostatic Enlargement

Objective: A high-fat diet is associated with the development of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), but whether hyperlipidemia is associated with BPE remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for the development of BPE. Material and methods: This study included 265 BPE patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and 248 age-matched healthy individuals without LUTS. The patient and control groups included in the study were compared in terms of fasting serum glucose, serum lipid values, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and prostate size measured by abdominal ultrasonography. Results: The prostate sizes of the patient and healthy control group were 59.4 ± 12.6 and 41.8 ± 11.1 ml, respectively ( p = 0.007). It was observed that the mean PSA value of the patient group (2.33 ± 1.69) was statistically higher than that of the control group (1.21 ± 1.05) ( p = 0.002). Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher and HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower among the patients compared to the controls. Prostate size had a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol and a positive correlation with LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. Additionally, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol were independent risk factors for prostate enlargement. Conclusion: This study indicates that increased levels of LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol are significantly associated with the enlargement of the prostate. Hyperlipidemia may be one of the risk factors in the processes of prostatic growth and progression.

scholarly journals Substitution of whole cows’ milk with defatted milk for 4 months reduced serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total apoB in a sample of Mexican school-age children (6–16 years of age)

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Yaveth Lara Zamudio ◽  
Teresa Shamah-Levy ◽  
Verónica Mundo-Rosas ◽  
Alejandra Contreras Manzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Serum Total Cholesterol ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe carried out this study to compare the effect of consuming whole, partially defatted and defatted cows’ milk for 4 months on serum concentrations of blood indicators of cardiovascular risk (CVR) in Mexican children and adolescents. Children aged between 6 and 16 years living in indigenous boarding schools in Mexico and who were usual consumers of whole milk were recruited to this study. Totally, thirteen boarding schools were randomly selected to receive full supplies of whole, partially defatted and defatted cows’ milk for 4 months. Serum total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol, apoA and total apoB, and Lp(a) concentrations were measured before and after the intervention. Comparisons were made with multi-level mixed-effects linear regression models using the difference in differences approach. Compared with the whole milk group, TC, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total apoB were lower in defatted milk consumers by –0·43, –0·28, –0·16 mmol/l and −0·05 g/l, respectively (allP<0·001). Compared with the whole milk group, the group that consumed partially defatted milk showed a significant decrease in the concentrations of LDL-cholesterol (−0·12,P=0·01), apoA (−0·05 g/l,P=0·01) and total apoB (−0·05 g/l,P=0·001). Defatted milk intake for 4 months reduced some of the serum indicators of CVR.

scholarly journals Particles and corrected particles of LDL and non-HDL are stronger predicters of coronary lesion in postmenopausal women

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Li ◽  
Jingxun Chen ◽  
Siyue Wei ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Yushun Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Coronary Lesion

Abstract Background The optimum lipid indexes, predicting the coronary lesion in postmenopausal women are not clear. Objective To evaluate the optimum lipid predicter for coronary lesion in routine and advanced lipid tests. Method 300 postmenopausal women were enrolled and assigned into coronary heart disease (CHD) Group (242), and non-CHD Group (58). Routine and advanced lipid indexes were measured with standard laboratory test and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The correlation and predictivities for CHD of routine and advanced lipid indexes were performed with Logistic regression, Spearman correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results Age (hazard ratio (HR) 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–5.86, P = 0.03), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.15–1.59, P < 0.001), corrected particles of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-p-corr) (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.06, P < 0.001) and corrected particles of non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-p-corr) (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, P < 0.001) were the risk factors of CHD. LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), LDL-p, LDL-p-corr, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), non-HDL-p and non-HDL-p-corr were in linear correlation with Gensini score. Advanced lipid indexes LDL-p (area under curve (AUC) = 0.750, P = 0.02), LDL-p-corr (AUC = 0.759, P = 0.02), non-HDL-p (AUC = 0.693, P = 0.03) and non-HDL-p-corr (AUC = 0.699, P = 0.03) were more predictive for CHD than the routine ones (LDL-C and non-HDL-C). Conclusion In postmenopausal women, age, ApoB, LDL-p-corr and non-HDL-p-corr were risk factors of CHD. Compared with traditional lipid items, LDL-p, LDL-p-corr, non-HDL-p and non-HDL-p-corr may be better lipid indexes for CHD in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Effects of a periodized functional strength training program (FST) on Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in physical education students

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Michał Sawczyn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Training Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Background and Study Aim: To examine the effects of periodized functional strength training (FST) on FMS scores of sport university students with higher risk of injury. Material and Methods: Thirty three  participants (age 21.6±1.3 years, height 177.8±6.9 m, mass 80.4±7.7 kg) with FMS total score ≤ 14 were selected from eighty two volunteered students of University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk and randomly assigned to experimental group (n=16) and control group (n=17). The FMS test was conducted one week before and one week after the 12 week training intervention. The experimental group participated in FST program through 12 weeks. The control group did not engaged in any additional physical activity than planned in their course of study. The  collected  data  were  analysed  using Statistica 13.3 pl (StatSoft Inc). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to establish the statistical significance of the difference between FMS total scores within each group and Mann Whitney U test between groups before and after the 12 week training intervention. Results: 45 % of volunteers in the first FMS testing showed total scores ≤14. The experimental group that participated in FST program changed significantly FMS total scores after 12 weeks (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in FMS total score between groups after the experiment (p<0.05). Conclusions: There is a need for injury prevention programs for students of University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk. It is clear from this study that FST is effective in improving FMS total score in students with cut off score ≤14.

scholarly journals Pengaruh propolis terhadap profil lipid plasma tikus model hiperkolesterolemia

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Krisnansari Diah ◽  
Ariadne Tiara Hapsari ◽  
Evy Sulistyoningrum ◽  
Agus Prastowo
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Group I ◽  
Before And After

Background: Nowadays, cardiovascular disease caused by hypercholesterolemia has become the main cause of death. Propolis has been used widely to reduce plasma cholesterol levels.Objective: The aims of this research was to study the effect of propolis on lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic Sprague Dawley rats.Method: This was an experimental study with pre-post test. Twenty four (24) male Sprague Dawley rats aged 12-16 week old, weighing 125-200 g were allocated into 4 groups. Group I received standard meal + aquadest-gavage; group II received high cholesterol meal + PTU 0,01 + aquadest gavage; group III received high cholesterol meal + PTU 0,01 + 0,027 g propolis gavage; group IV received high cholesterol meal + PTU 0,01 + 0,054 g propolis gavage. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels before and after treatment were measured. The data were then analyzed with One Way Anova.Results: The study showed that there were no significant differences in changes of body weight. There were significant differences in total cholesterol levels between all groups of treatment. Triglyceride levels were significantly different among all groups, except between group I and IV. Furthermore, the HDL cholesterol levels of group I vs III and group I vs IV were significantly different. However, there were no differences found in LDL cholesterol levels among all groups of treatment.Conclusion: Provision of 0,027 g and 0,054 g propolis improve lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels) of hypercholesterolemic rats.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE BURDEN BY VARIOUS LEVELS OF PROFESSIONAL STRESS ON SERUM LIPIDS CONCENTRATION IN SECURITY OFFICERS

2019 ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Jovica M Jovanovic ◽  
Ivana Šarac ◽  
Jovana Jovanović ◽  
Dušan Sokolović ◽  
Stefan Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Security Officers ◽  
Total Index ◽  
Professional Stress ◽  
High Level

The aim of this work is to analyze the relationship between the level of professional stress and the concentration of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of security employees. . The study included 415 security officers (exposed group) divided into four sub-groups and 150 administrative workers (control group). By applying a standardized questionnaire, the level of professional stress in their workplaces was calculated. To determine the serum lipid concentration in the all subjects, venous blood samples were taken in the morning after a twelve-hour food abstinence Security officers are exposed to a high level of professional stress, where the level of stress index depends on the type of the job they are engaged in. The highest values of the total index of professional stress, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were registered with the employees who transport money and those carrying firearms. The lowest total index of professional stress, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were registered with property security officers and persons who do not carry firearms.  The correlation between the level of stress index at work, an increase in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol levels is statistically significant. We believe that there is a significant correlation between the level of the overall stress index at work and the risk of atherosclerosis in security officers.

scholarly journals Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Serum Lipids, and Polymorphism of the Apolipoprotein E Gene

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1214-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J Garry ◽  
Richard N Baumgartner ◽  
Steven G Brodie ◽  
George D Montoya ◽  
Hwa Chi Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Estrogen Replacement Therapy ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Estrogen Replacement ◽  
Apolipoprotein E Gene ◽  
Apoe Genotypes

Abstract Background: Pharmacogenomics, the study of genetic loci that modulate drug responsiveness, may help to explain why estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has differential effects on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in postmenopausal women who inherit distinct alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). Methods: We compared total-cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) concentrations in 66 postmenopausal women receiving ERT ([+]ERT) with 174 postmenopausal women not receiving ERT ([−]ERT), controlling for three APOE genotypes divided into three groups: E2 (ε2/ε3, n = 31), E3 (ε3/ε3, n = 160), and E4 (ε3/ε4 + ε4/ε4, n = 49). Results: Mean total-cholesterol concentrations were lower in all three [+]ERT groups compared with their [−]ERT counterparts but were statistically significant only for women in group E4 (P = 0.014). The mean LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in all three [+]ERT groups compared with their [−]ERT counterparts (P ≤0.005). Although all three groups of [+]ERT women tended to have higher mean HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with their [−]ERT counterparts, the differences were not statistically significant. [+]ERT women in groups E2 and E3 had significantly higher (P &lt;0.05) triglyceride concentrations than their [−]ERT counterparts. In [+]ERT women, the ratios of total and LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in group E3 and E4 women compared with E2 women (P &lt;0.006). Group E4 [+]ERT women had ratios of total and LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol that were comparable to group E2 [−]ERT women. Conclusions: Triglyceride concentrations in group E2 [+]ERT women may need to be monitored more closely than those in E3 or E4 [+]ERT women. Group E4 women should probably be targeted for ERT. Results suggest that APOE genotypes have a differential effect on serum lipids and lipoproteins in [+]ERT postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Long term effects of a ketogenic diet with Mav Ketofast pro supplements in obese postmenopausal women

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Maria Vranceanu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fat Mass Loss

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 24 weeks    ketogenic diet with MaV Ketofast pro supplement in obese postmenopausal women. Methods: In the present study, 22 obese postmenopausal women with a body mass index greater than 35 kg/m2 and high glucose, high cholesterol and high       triglycerides levels were selected. Anthropometric measurements evaluated were: height, weight, BMI, waist circumferences and FM (fat mass) baseline and after 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting blood sugar were determined before and after the       administration of the ketogenic diet. The bone density score before and after    treatment has been evaluated. The patients ages varied from 52 to 68 years (with a mean age of 60.04 years). The average weight at the start of treatment for all patients was 105.27 kg. The initial BMI average was 39.2 kg/m2, initial FM=48.7% and waist circumference 130.04 cm. Results After 24 weeks of a ketogenic diet with MaV   Ketofast pro supplement the group lost an average of 19.87 kg. Fat mass loss was 10.8% and waist circumference decreased 22.04 cm. Body mass index of the patients decreased significantly. The level of total cholesterol decreased from week 1 to week 24, HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased and the level of triglycerides   decreased significantly following 24 weeks of treatment. The level of blood glucose significantly decreased. The changes in the level of bone density were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the beneficial effects of a long-term ketogenic diet in obese postmenopausal women. The KD (ketogenic diet) with Mav ketofast pro supplement significantly reduced the body weight and body mass index of the patients and increased the fat mass loss. Furthermore, it decreased the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol and blood glucose, and increased the level of HDL cholesterol. Administering a ketogenic diet for a relatively longer period of time did not produce any significant side effects in the patients. The bone density didn’t change during the ketogenic diet that means the diet it is safe and helpful for postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Capnometric feedback training decreases 24-h blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Anderson ◽  
Alexis N. Reeves ◽  
Wolf E. Mehling ◽  
Margaret A. Chesney
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Feedback Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Regular Practice

Abstract Background High normal resting pCO2 is a risk factor for salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) in normotensive humans and has been associated with higher resting systolic BP in postmenopausal women. To date, however, no known studies have investigated the effects of regular practice of voluntary mild hypocapnic breathing on BP in hypertensive patients. The objective of the present research was to test the hypothesis that capnometric feedback training can decrease both resting pCO2 and 24-h BP in a series of mildly hypertensive postmenopausal women. Methods A small portable end tidal CO2 (etCO2) monitor was constructed and equipped with software that determined the difference between the momentary etCO2 and a pre-programmed criterion range. The monitor enabled auditory feedback for variations in CO2 outside the criterion range. 16 mildly hypertensive postmenopausal women were individually trained to sustain small decreases in etCO2 during six weekly sessions in the clinic and daily sessions at home. 24-h BP monitoring was conducted before and after the intervention, and in 16 prehypertensive postmenopausal women in a control group who did not engage in the capnometric training. Results Following the intervention, all 16 capnometric training participants showed decreases in resting etCO2 (− 4.3 ± 0.4 mmHg; p < .01) while 15 showed decreases in 24-h systolic BP (− 7.6 ± 2.0 mmHg; p < .01). No significant changes in either measure was observed in the control group. In addition, nighttime (− 9.5 ± 2.6; p < .01) and daytime (− 6.7 ± 0.2 mmHg) systolic BP were both decreased following capnometric training, while no significant changes in nighttime (− 2.8 ± 2.2 mmHg; p = .11) or daytime (− 0.7 ± 1.0 mmHg; p ≤ .247) systolic BP were observed in the control group. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that regular practice of mild hypocapnic breathing that decreases resting etCO2 reliably decreases 24-h blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women. The extent to which these effects persist beyond the training period or can be observed in other hypertensive subgroups remains to be investigated.

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