scholarly journals Costs and consumption of analgesics, with special reference to opiates in Serbia and Montenegro from 2015 to 2019

2022 ◽  
pp. 2-2
Author(s):  
Katarina Mladenovic ◽  
Viktorija Dragojevic-Simic ◽  
Snezana Mugosa ◽  
Nemanja Rancic
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Painful Condition ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Analgesic Consumption

Background/Aim: Patients in developing countries do not always receive adequate painrelieving treatment. Monitoring of analgesic consumption is of great importance, since this can help assessing the quality of painful condition management. The aim of this paper is to present a five-year consumption and costs of drugs with analgesic effects in developing countries, exemplified by Serbia and Montenegro, and indicate the main reasons for their (in)adequate prescribing. Methods: The observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in order to analyse consumption of all analgesics, both opioid and non-opioid, in Serbia and Montenegro, as developing countries. The data concerning analgesic consumption and drug prices were obtained from annual editions of the publications of the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia and Montenegro. The WHO methodology with defined daily dose (DDD) as a unit of measure (it is defined by the number of DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day) was used in these publications. Results: In the course of the fiveyear period (from 2015 to 2019) in Serbia, the total allocations for analgesic therapy had a rising trend; from about 43.6 million to 63.3 million of Euros, while in Montenegro expenditures showed annual variations with highest value in 2018. Most of the money in both countries was invested in M01A group of drugs, for which the highest consumption was also recorded. Significantly higher consumption of opioid analgesics in Montenegro comparing with Serbia was observed in the same period, and it predominatly reflected the difference in fentanyl (N02AB03, transdermal patch) prescribing. In Montenegro, consumption of M01group of drugs was prominently higher in comparison to M01AE group during the whole five-year period, similarly like in Serbia in which this was not the case only in 2018. Conclusions: Taking into account the importance of analgesics for everyday medical practice, more rational prescribing of these drugs is necessary both in Serbia and Montenegro in the future.

scholarly journals Attitudes of pharmacy students towards patient safety: a cross-sectional study from six developing countries

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e039459
Author(s):  
Abdallah Y Naser ◽  
Zahra Khalil Alsairafi ◽  
Ahmed Awaisu ◽  
Hassan Alwafi ◽  
Oriana Awwad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectiveTo evaluate the attitudes of undergraduate pharmacy students towards patient safety in six developing countries.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingParticipants were enrolled from the participating universities in six countries.ParticipantsUndergraduate pharmacy students from the participating universities in six developing countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, India and Indonesia) were invited to participate in the study between October 2018 and September 2019.Primary outcomeAttitudes towards patient safety was measured using 14-item questionnaire that contained five subscales: being quality-improvement focused, internalising errors regardless of harm, value of contextual learning, acceptability of questioning more senior healthcare professionals’ behaviour and attitude towards open disclosure. Multiple-linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of positive attitudes towards patient safety.ResultsA total of 2595 students participated in this study (1044 from Jordan, 514 from Saudi Arabia, 134 from Kuwait, 61 from Qatar, 416 from India and 429 from Indonesia). Overall, the pharmacy students reported a positive attitude towards patient safety with a mean score of 37.4 (SD=7.0) out of 56 (66.8%). The ‘being quality-improvement focused’ subscale had the highest score, 75.6%. The subscale with the lowest score was ‘internalising errors regardless of harm’, 49.2%. Female students had significantly better attitudes towards patient safety scores compared with male students (p=0.001). Being at a higher level of study and involvement in or witnessing harm to patients while practising were important predictors of negative attitudes towards patient safety (p<0.001).ConclusionPatient safety content should be covered comprehensively in pharmacy curricula and reinforced in each year of study. This should be more focused on students in their final year of study and who have started their training. This will ensure that the next generation of pharmacists are equipped with the requisite knowledge, core competencies and attitudes to ensure optimal patient safety when they practice.

scholarly journals National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Joseph Sam Kanu ◽  
Mohammed Khogali ◽  
Katrina Hann ◽  
Wenjing Tao ◽  
Shuwary Barlatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Procaine Penicillin

Monitoring antibiotic consumption is crucial to tackling antimicrobial resistance. However, currently there is no system in Sierra Leone for recording and reporting on antibiotic consumption. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study to assess national antibiotic consumption expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day using all registered and imported antibiotics (categorized under the subgroup J01 under the anatomical and therapeutic classification (ATC) system) as a proxy. Between 2017–2019, total cumulative consumption of antibiotics was 19 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day. The vast majority consisted of oral antibiotics (98.4%), while parenteral antibiotics made up 1.6%. According to therapeutic/pharmacological subgroups (ATC level 3), beta-lactam/penicillins, quinolones, and other antibacterials (mainly oral metronidazole) comprised 65% of total consumption. According to WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe), 65% of antibiotics consumed were Access, 31% were Watch, and no Reserve antibiotics were reported. The top ten oral antibiotics represented 97% of total oral antibiotics consumed, with metronidazole (35%) and ciprofloxacin (15%) together constituting half of the total. Of parenteral antibiotics consumed, procaine penicillin (32%) and ceftriaxone (19%) together comprised half of the total. Policy recommendations at global and national levels have been made to improve monitoring of antibiotic consumption and antibiotic stewardship.

scholarly journals Risk Factors, Pattern and Outcome of Motorcycle-associated Head Injury in Sokoto: An Analysis of 184 Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Olayere Obanife ◽  
Nasiru Jinjiri Ismail ◽  
Ali Lasseini ◽  
Bello B. Shehu ◽  
Ega J. Otorkpa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Significant Negative Impact

Abstract Background Road traffic accident (RTA) is the eighth leading cause of death worldwide. Motorcycle-associated head injury is the leading cause of road traffic associated morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Even though the incidence and mortality of head injury from motor cycle crash is on the increase in developing countries, especially in the African continent, most of the studies published in the literature on this subject matter took place in the developed Western countries. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of data from patients managed in our institution between December 2014 and November 2016. Results One hundred and eighty-four patients were analyzed. None of the patients used safety helmet for protection. The mean age was 27.6 ± 17.2 years with male female ratio of 6.7:1. Lone crash by cyclists and collisions accounted for 66.8% and 33.1% of the cases, respectively. Passengers and riders comprised 75% of the patients, while 25% were vulnerable pedestrians. The most frequently abused substance by the patients was tramadol (65.52%). Severe head injury and pupillary abnormality were found in 23.9% and 45.5% of the patients, respectively. Cranial CT scan showed abnormalities in 40.2% of the patients. Surgery was done in 28.3% of the patients with mortality rate of 20.7%. Conclusions The use of motorcycle as a mean of transportation has caused significant negative impact on the society. Young people, who constitute the workforce, are majorly affected, and this invariably leads to a serious economic burden on the concerned families and communities.

scholarly journals Association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in four developing countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Santivañez-Romani ◽  
Valeria Carbajal-Vega ◽  
Reneé Pereyra-Elías
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sentinel Site ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractBackgroundStudies assessing the association between vegetarianism and mental health have found divergent results. Evidence from adolescents in developing countries is scarce.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms in 15-year-old adolescents from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam.MethodsA cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the Young Lives cohort study was used. The exposure variable was the self-report of being a vegetarian (yes or no). The outcome was the level of emotional symptoms, numerically evaluated using the score obtained in the subscale “Emotional Symptoms” of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We calculated crude and adjusted coefficients (β) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using generalized linear models of the Gaussian family, considering each sentinel site as a cluster. The analysis was stratified by country. Additionally, we made a global analysis including the four countries.ResultsA total of 3484 adolescents were analyzed. The overall prevalence of vegetarianism was 4.4%, but it varied between countries (from 0.4% in Vietnam to 11.5% in India). The average emotional symptoms score was 3.5 [standard deviation (SD) 2.3] points. The scores were not statistically different between vegetarians and non-vegetarians (p > 0.05). In the adjusted analysis, in Vietnam, vegetarians had lower emotional symptoms scores on average than non-vegetarians [β: −1.79; 95% CI: −3.05 to −0.55]. No differences were found neither in the other countries nor in the overall sample.ConclusionThere was no association between a vegetarian diet and emotional symptoms in the analyzed adolescents of four developing countries.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characteristics of Chronic Pain in Buprenorphine and Methadone-Maintained Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Delorme ◽  
Lucie Pennel ◽  
Georges Brousse ◽  
Jean-Pierre Daulouède ◽  
Jean-Michel Delile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Opioid Agonist ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Chronic Pain Patients ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Pain Patients

Chronic pain and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Indeed, chronic pain is highly prevalent, affecting 23–68% of patients receiving opioid agonist treatments (OAT) worldwide. The majority of available estimates come from American studies, but data are still lacking in Europe. We aim to provide European estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain in patients receiving OAT using French data, since France is the first European country in terms of number of patients with OAT. The secondary objectives were to characterize the features and management of chronic pain, as well identify associated risk factors. We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study, recruiting patients treated either with buprenorphine or methadone in 19 French addiction centers, from May to July 2016. All participants had to complete a semi-directed questionnaire that collected sociodemographic and medical data, pain characteristics, and licit or illicit drug consumption. In total, 509 patients were included. The prevalence of chronic pain was estimated at 33.2% (95% CI: 29.1–37.3). Compared to non-chronic pain patients, chronic pain patients were older (38.4 vs. 36.1 years, p = 0.006), were more unemployed (66 vs. 52%, p = 0.003), had more psychiatric comorbidities (50 vs. 39%, p = 0.02), and split their OAT for pain management more frequently (24 vs. 7%, p = 0.009). Pain intensity was moderate or severe in 75% of chronic pain patients. Among patients with chronic pain, 15.4% were not prescribed, and did not self-medicate with, any analgesic drugs, 52.1% were prescribed analgesics (non-opioid analgesics, 76.3%; codeine, tramadol, opium, 27.2%; and morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, 11.8%), and 32.5% exclusively self-medicated with analgesics. Moreover, 20.1% of patients with chronic pain also used illicit drugs for pain relief. On multivariate analysis, variables that remained significantly associated with chronic pain were age [OR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00–1.05], p = 0.02], anxiety [OR = 1.52 (1.15–2.02), p = 0.003], and depression [OR = 1.25 (1.00–1.55), p = 0.05]. Chronic pain is a highly prevalent condition in patients receiving OAT, and its appropriate management remains uncertain, since insufficient relief and frequent additional self-medications with analgesics or illicit drugs were reported by these patients. Increased awareness among caregivers is urgently needed regarding a systematic and careful assessment, along with an adequate management of chronic pain in patients receiving OAT.

scholarly journals Consumers’ attitudes towards purchase intention for local brand automobiles manufactured in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1629-1638
Author(s):  
Anyanwu Hilary Chinedu ◽  
Sharifah Azizah Haron ◽  
Ahmad Hariza Hashim ◽  
Jo Ann Ho
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Moral Foundation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Proton Potential ◽  
Intercept Survey ◽  
Damaging Effects

The damaging effects of market globalization towards developing countries necessitate the exhibition of favorable attitudes towards purchase intention for local brand automobiles manufactured locally. With the application of moral foundation theory (MFT), a quantitative and cross-sectional study that involved 373 Proton potential consumers through a mall intercept survey in Malaysia was analyzed. The results show that Proton’s potential consumers had favorable attitudes towards purchase intention for Proton automobiles. Subsequent to a high mean score of collectivism and a moderate mean score of ethnocentrism, Proton potential consumers’ ethnocentric tendency offers a contradiction to extant literatures on consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries. Thus, our study posits that consumers from collectivistic societies are ethnocentric and further display favorable attitudes towards local products. Additionally, the predictive effects of consumer ethnocentrism and collectivism on attitudes towards purchase intention for local brand automobiles manufactured locally were ascertained. Our findings validated the applicability of MFT in explaining consumers’ attitudes towards local products. Other implications are also discussed.

scholarly journals Gene Xpert a Promising Tool in Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary TB in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Jabin Akhter ◽  
MA Hassan Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conventional Culture ◽  
Promising Tool

Introduction: Although Tuberculosis mostly affects lungs in about 85% cases, but can cause lesion almost in every part of the body. Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) accounts for 15 to 20% which involves other parts of the body beside the lungs. There are several methods that can diagnose Pulmonary TB (PTB) conclusively , but extrapulmonary TB is very difficult to diagnose till now especially in resource limited settings. Though it is not communicable but diagnostic delay has made it significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The snidy was aimed to find out the Gene Xpert as one of the diagnostic tool for EPTB. Methods: A laboratory based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted over a period of  17  months  from January 2017 to May 2018 to ascertain the performance of Gene Xpert technique as a diagnostic tool for EPTB. Data were collected through checklist and a total of 77 clinical samples were collected purposively with prior infom,ed consent from suspected EPTB patients following ethical issues. Laboratory investigations were  perfomed  at Rhodolphe Merieux Laboratory, Chittagong, Bangladesh with Gene Xpert MTB/Ri f assay, conventional culture (LJ media) and Microscopy (ZN stain) for the presence of Mycobacteium tuberculosis (MTB). Results: Among the 77 samples from suspected cases, seven(9.09%) from CSF, one(!.29%) from pus and one(l .29%) from lymphnode specimens were positive by Gene Xpert MTB/Rif assay.Only one(1.29%) CSF specimen  was found to be culture and microscopy positive which was Gene Xpert positive also. Except one specimen from pus that is both Gene Xpert and microscopy positive but culture negative, no other specimens from EPTB cases were culture and microscopy positive. Conclusion: Diagnosis of EPTB is challenging in worldwide. As it is paucibacillary, routine diagnostic test in detecting MTB is difficult. Gene X pert showed promising outcome in early detection of life threatening EPTB cases like TB meningitis which is common in developing countries. JOPSOM 2020; 39(1): 26-30

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status and Hypertension among Teachers and Bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girma Fikadu ◽  
Seblewengel Lemma
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Healthy Behaviors

Background. The social and economic changes taking place in developing countries are influencing the pace at which hypertension and its risk factors are expanding. As opposed to the already established inverse association in developed nations, the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension in developing countries is poor and inconsistent. This study aims to determine the association between socioeconomic status and hypertension among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods. This study is based on a cross-sectional study conducted to assess the prevalence of NCDs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken among workers of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and teachers of public schools in 2010.Results. Majority of participants were teachers (70.3%). Most of the respondents (54.1%) earn an annual income between 15,000 ETB and 48,000 ETB, and 51.9% of them have educational status of first degree and above. Among the socioeconomic factors income was strongly associated with the odds of having hypertension (AOR: 2.17 with 95% CI: 1.58–2.98).Conclusions. Higher burden of hypertension is observed among teachers and bankers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Promotion of healthy behaviors and interventions that target higher income groups needs to be put in place.

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