scholarly journals Sexual education in the European countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Mirjana Rasevic
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Planned Parenthood ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
The Media ◽  
Definition Of

Sweden was the first country in Europe to introduce compulsory sex education into school curricula as early as 1955. It is nowadays integrated in the education systems of many European countries. Is the contemporary approach to sex education realistic in Serbia, as well? In other words, has the state modernised its education system and adapted it to the present-day requirements and needs in this field? With that respect, the paper considers a number of topics related to sex education: contemporary definition of the concept, respect of the relevant human rights, new needs for this type of information, the implementation principles, barriers and models in the European countries, the role of schools, health care institutions and the media, as well as the good practices in Europe. Besides the research results published in scientific papers, important inputs for consideration of the above topics were also taken from the relevant studies of the World Health Organisation, the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health. This has provided the basis for the status assessment and the formulation of expectations with regard to the implementation of youth sex education in Serbia. The emphasis is on working with youth as the key target group for education in this field, although sex education is significant in all stages of life.

scholarly journals Should Autism Spectrum Conditions Be Characterised in a More Positive Way in Our Modern World?

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Barry Wright ◽  
Penny Spikins ◽  
Hannah Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Spectrum Condition ◽  
The Media

In a special issue that focuses on complex presentations related to Autism, we ask the question in this editorial whether an Autism Spectrum Condition without complexity is a disorder, or whether it represents human diversity? Much research into Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASCs) over the years has focused on comparisons between neuro-typical people and people with Autism Spectrum Conditions. These comparisons have tended to draw attention to ‘deficits’ in cognitive abilities and descriptions of behaviours that are characterised as unwanted. Not surprisingly, this is reflected in the classification systems from the World Health Organisation and the American Psychiatric Association. Public opinion about ASC may be influenced by presentations in the media of those with ASC who also have intellectual disability. Given that diagnostic systems are intended to help us better understand conditions in order to seek improved outcomes, we propose a more constructive approach to descriptions that uses more positive language, and balances descriptions of deficits with research finding of strengths and differences. We propose that this will be more helpful to individuals on the Autism Spectrum, both in terms of individual self-view, but also in terms of how society views Autism Spectrum Conditions more positively. Commentary has also been made on guidance that has been adjusted for people with ASC in relation to the current COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Revised World Health Organization (WHO)’s causality assessment of adverse events following immunization—a critique

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Puliyel ◽  
Pathik Naik
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Causal Association ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Post Marketing Surveillance ◽  
Definition Of

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recently revised how adverse events after immunization (AEFI) are classified. Only reactions that have previously been acknowledged in epidemiological studies to be caused by the vaccine, are classified as a vaccine-product–related-reaction. Deaths observed during post-marketing surveillance are not considered as “consistent with causal association with vaccine”, if there was no statistically significant increase in deaths recorded during the small Phase 3 trials that preceded it. Of course, vaccines that caused deaths in the control-trials stage would not be licensed. After licensure, deaths and all new serious adverse reactions are labelled as ‘coincidental deaths’ or ‘unclassifiable’, and the association with vaccine is not acknowledged. The resulting paradox is evident. The definition of causal association has also been changed. It is now used only if there is “no other factor intervening in the processes.” Therefore, if a child with an underlying congenital heart disease (other factor), develops fever and cardiac decompensation after vaccination, the cardiac failure would not be considered causally related to the vaccine. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety has documented many deaths in children with pre-existing heart disease after they were administered the Pentavalent vaccine. The WHO now advises precautions when vaccinating such children and this has reduced the risk of death. Using the new definition of causal association, this relationship would not be acknowledged and lives would be put at risk. In view of the above, it is necessary that the AEFI manual be revaluated and revised urgently. AEFI reporting is said to be for vaccine safety. Child safety (safety of children) rather than vaccine safety (safety for vaccines) needs to be the emphasis.

scholarly journals Establishing an international laboratory network for neglected tropical diseases: Understanding existing capacity in five WHO regions

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1464
Author(s):  
Laura Dean ◽  
Janet Njelesani ◽  
Charles Mulamba ◽  
Russell Dacombe ◽  
Pamela S. Mbabazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
The Status

Background. Limited laboratory capacity is a significant bottleneck in meeting global targets for the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). Laboratories are essential for providing clinical data and monitoring data about the status and changes in NTD prevalence, and for detecting early drug resistance. Currently NTD laboratory networks are informal and specialist laboratory expertise is not well publicised, making it difficult to share global expertise and provide training, supervision, and quality assurance for NTD diagnosis and research. This study aimed to identify laboratories within five World Health Organisation regions (South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, Western Pacific and Europe) that provide NTD services and could be regarded as national or regional reference laboratories, and to conduct a survey to document their networks and capacity to support NTD programmes. Methods. Potential NTD reference laboratories were identified through systematic searches, snowball sampling and key informants. Results. Thirty-two laboratories responded to the survey. The laboratories covered 25 different NTDs and their main regional and national roles were to provide technical support and training, research, test validation and standard setting. Two thirds of the laboratories were based in academic institutions and almost half had less than 11 staff. Although greater than 90 per cent of the laboratories had adequate technical skills to function as an NTD reference laboratory, almost all laboratories lacked systems for external verification that their results met international standards. Conclusions. This study highlights that although  many laboratories believed they could act as a reference laboratory, only a few had all the characteristics required to fulfil this role as they fell short in the standard and quality assurance of laboratory processes. Networks of high quality laboratories are essential for the control and elimination of disease and this study presents a critical first step in the development of such networks for NTDs.

scholarly journals Establishing an international laboratory network for neglected tropical diseases: Understanding existing capacity in five WHO regions

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1464
Author(s):  
Laura Dean ◽  
Janet Njelesani ◽  
Charles Mulamba ◽  
Russell Dacombe ◽  
Pamela S. Mbabazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
The Status

Background. Limited laboratory capacity is a significant bottleneck in meeting global targets for the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTD). Laboratories are essential for providing clinical data and monitoring data about the status and changes in NTD prevalence, and for detecting early drug resistance. Currently NTD laboratory networks are informal and specialist laboratory expertise is not well publicised, making it difficult to share global expertise and provide training, supervision, and quality assurance for NTD diagnosis and research. This study aimed to identify laboratories within five World Health Organisation regions (South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, Western Pacific and Europe) that provide NTD services and could be regarded as national or regional reference laboratories, and to conduct a survey to document their networks and capacity to support NTD programmes. Methods. Potential NTD reference laboratories were identified through systematic searches, snowball sampling and key informants. Results. Thirty-two laboratories responded to the survey. The laboratories covered 25 different NTDs and their main regional and national roles were to provide technical support and training, research, test validation and standard setting. Two thirds of the laboratories were based in academic institutions and almost half had less than 11 staff. Although greater than 90 per cent of the laboratories had adequate technical skills to function as an NTD reference laboratory, almost all laboratories lacked systems for external verification that their results met international standards. Conclusions. This study highlights that although  many laboratories believed they could act as a reference laboratory, only a few had all the characteristics required to fulfil this role as they fell short in the standard and quality assurance of laboratory processes. Networks of high quality laboratories are essential for the control and elimination of disease and this study presents a critical first step in the development of such networks for NTDs.

Videogaming will rise rapidly as an engine of growth

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Streaming ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Condition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Media Ecosystem ◽  
The Media

Subject Videogaming growth. Significance The videogames industry is becoming an increasingly important engine of economic growth while also reflecting important changes in how people work. China is becoming the dominant producer and consumer. Impacts Regulation and intervention will keep encouraging the gaming sector to cluster in certain locations to benefit from economies of scale. Associated activities including live-streaming and e-sports competitions will become increasingly important in the media ecosystem. The World Health Organisation classifies ‘gaming disorder’ as a mental health condition; cases and research into the condition will grow. Three-quarters of gamers surveyed by McAfee worry about cybersecurity; the ‘Fortnite’ game has facilitated thousands of online scams. Childhood gamers develop skills that make them good candidates for cybersecurity work, potentially offsetting an upcoming talent shortage.

Koronavirüs Salgınının Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere Etkileri Üzerine İlk İzlenimler

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Selma Akay Ertürk
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
Short Time

Son dokuz yılda Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mültecilerin sayısı 3,5 milyonu geçmiştir ve bunların büyük bir çoğunluğu kamplar dışında yaşamaktadır. Koronavirüs (Kovid-19) salgını çok kısa bir süre içinde pek çok ülkeyi ve kıtayı etkisi altına almıştır. 11 Mart 2020’de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), Koronavirüs salgınını küresel bir salgın yani pandemi olarak ilan etmiş ve ülkelerden yayılmayı durdurmak için sıkı önlemler almasını istemiştir. Aynı tarihte 11 Mart 2020’de Türkiye’de ilk Koronavirüs vakası Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından duyurulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Koronavirüs’un Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere olan sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve mekansal etkilerini ve Türkiye’de Suriyelilere yardım eden kuruluşların bu salgın döneminde yani bu acil kriz durumuna verdikleri yanıtları incelemektir. Yerli ve yabancı literatür ile resmi kurumların verilerinden, web sayfalarında paylaştıkları bilgilerden ve medyada çıkan haberlerden faydalanılan bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de bulunan Suriyelilerin, Koronavirüs salgını döneminde uluslararası sınırları geçme veya Türkiye’de bulundukları yerde kalma konusunda karşılaştıkları seçenekler değerlendirilmiştir.  Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler Koronavirüs salgını döneminde yerel toplumun üyeleri gibi, ekonomik zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Early Reflections on the Effects of Coronavirus Pandemic on Syrian refugees in Turkey In the past nine years, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey has exceeded 3.5 million, and the vast majority of them live outside the camps. Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has affected many countries and continents in a short time. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic and asked countries to take stringent measures to stop spreading. On March 11, 2020, on the same date the Ministry of Health, announced the first case of COVID-19 in Turkey. This study aims to analyze the social, economic, cultural and spatial effects of Coronavirus on the Syrian refugees in Turkey and to examine the response of the institutions and international and local NGO’s who support the Syrian refugees in Turkey during this pandemic, that is, in an emergency crisis. In this study, which utilizes the data of official institutions, the information they share on their web pages and the news in the media, options of Syrians in Turkey for crossing international borders or for staying in places where they live in Turkey in time of COVID-19 evaluated. During the Coronavirus outbreak, Syrians in Turkey faced with economic difficulties like members of the local community.

The organisation of hazard prevention to travellers

1982 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Travel Agents ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject

SynopsisMember airlines of the International Air Transport Association in general accept very seriously the responsibilities regarding health problems due to travel. They lay down standards in a practical manner which they try and maintain, the principle being to combine maximum safety regulations with minimum restrictive practices to fit in with a successful commercial operation. These standards cover the prevention of spread by not carrying contact passengers who are in a stage of incubation; the prevention of food- and water-borne disease which covers satisfactory food preparation and food handling and also satisfactory water supplies on the aircraft; the prevention of insect-borne disease by adequate aircraft spraying; the prevention of animal-borne disease and the avoidance of, and, if necessary, the adequate treatment of, any animal vermin on the aircraft, and the avoidance of zoonoses carried by animals transported as air freight. In addition to these standards, British Airways run an immunisation centre which provides various pamphlets and booklets which give medical advice. Finally, they make an announcement of the need to take an antimalarial when entering a malarious area.From the organisations other than the airlines the situation is mainly advisory —the World Health Organisation, the Department of Health and Social Security, the Health Educational Council; all issue booklets and pamphlets to a greater or lesser extent. The medical profession and the pharmacists regrettably tend, on the whole, to be ill-informed and uninterested. The media are often inaccurate and tend to put the stress on less important issues. The travel agents and the inclusive tour operators vary greatly in their attitudes. Some are responsible and some are irresponsible.All of these points are covered in the article and it is suggested that more post-graduate centres should encourage lectures on the subject of the prevention of imported disease and it should be included in the medical school curriculum along with the lectures on tropical diseases.

Trapped in the Traffick: Growing Problems of Drug Consumption in Lagos

1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Klein
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Narcotics Control ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
The Media

The literature on drugs in Africa includes policy statements by government officials which, by and large, follow the line set by international organisations created to design counter-measures to drug consumption and trafficking, such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) of the United Nations. At this level the debate revolves largely around the effectiveness of different preventative strategies; control programmes and the performance of agencies are evaluated, and authors often bewail the perversion of moral values in the countries concerned, while appeals for financial assistance figure frequently in the media. Much less well known are the oral traditions and the popular culture in which the drug users, traffickers, and barons are ascribed certain roles. I would like to compare the material contained in these different bodies of work with my own field observations from the drug ‘scene’ in both high and low density areas of Lagos.

Sero-Epidemiology And Pattern Of Transfusion-Transmissible Infectious Diseases Among Family Replacement And Voluntary Blood Donors In Lagos University Teaching Hospital (2018-2019), South-West Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S168-S168
Author(s):  
O E Otokiti
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Essential Medicine ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Media ◽  
Higher Institutions ◽  
Negative Controls

Abstract Introduction/Objective Despite innovations and giant strides achieved in medicine, blood transfusion has continually remained an integral aspect of patient care and management. Currently, blood and blood products are part of the World Health Organisation (WHO) model list of Essential Medicine (EML). However, despite being a ‘life saver’, potential risks of transfusion of fatal infections (TTI) are associated with its use, hence this study to evaluate the trend of TTI in blood donors. Methods In this study, 21,464 donors were screened for HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis between 2018 and 2019 via 4 th generation ELISA. Retrospective data was gotten from records. The results were read using a spectrophotometer. Optical Density was calculated for positive and negative controls and only results from runs in which controls had passed were used and released. Results Of the 21,464donors tested, 3818 (17%) were voluntary blood donors (VBD) and 17,646 (83%) were family replacement donors (FRP). Total number of TTI was 1928 (0.1%) of units donated. Of the screened units positive for TTI, HBV accounted for the highest prevalence 1031 (54%), HCV 498 (26%), HIV 246 (13%) and Syphilis 147 (8%). A much higher incidence of TTI sero-positivity was observed in FRP (85%) as compared with voluntary blood donors (15%). Cumulative discard rate from TTI was approximately 0.1%. Conclusion Our results in this study showed that FRP are more likely to transmit TTI than VBD. Blood transfusion services should work more on replacing family replacement donors with voluntary donors. This can be achieved by reinforcing the culture of voluntary blood donation through the media, secondary and higher institutions as well as through advocacy. Indeed the WHO recommends 100% voluntary blood donations for all nations.

scholarly journals Do health policies address the availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of human resources for health? Analysis over three decades of National Health Policy of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweta Dubey ◽  
Jeel Vasa ◽  
Siddhesh Zadey
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
National Health ◽  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Status ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
Almost All ◽  
National Health Policies

Abstract Background Human Resources for Health (HRH) are crucial for improving health services coverage and population health outcomes. The World Health Organisation (WHO) promotes countries to formulate holistic policies that focus on four HRH dimensions—availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality (AAAQ). The status of these dimensions and their incorporation in the National Health Policies of India (NHPIs) are not well known. Methods We created a multilevel framework of strategies and actions directed to improve AAAQ HRH dimensions. HRH-related recommendations of NHPI—1983, 2002, and 2017 were classified according to targeted dimensions and cadres using the framework. We identified the dimensions and cadres focussed by NHPIs using the number of mentions. Furthermore, we introduce a family of dimensionwise deficit indices formulated to assess situational HRH deficiencies for census years (1981, 2001, and 2011) and over-year trends. Finally, we evaluated whether or not the HRH recommendations in NHPIs addressed the deficient cadres and dimensions of the pre-NHPI census years. Results NHPIs focused more on HRH availability and quality compared to accessibility and acceptability. Doctors were prioritized over auxiliary nurses-midwives and pharmacists in terms of total recommendations. AAAQ indices showed deficits in all dimensions for almost all HRH cadres over the years. All deficit indices show a general decreasing trend from 1981 to 2011 except for the accessibility deficit. The recommendations in NHPIs did not correspond to the situational deficits in many instances indicating a policy priority mismatch. Conclusion India needs to incorporate AAAQ dimensions in its policies and monitor their progress. The framework and indices-based approach can help identify the gaps between targeted and needed dimensions and cadres for effective HRH strengthening. At the global level, the application of framework and indices will allow a comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of HRH-related policies of various nations.

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