The organisation of hazard prevention to travellers

Author(s):  
Anthony C. Turner

SynopsisMember airlines of the International Air Transport Association in general accept very seriously the responsibilities regarding health problems due to travel. They lay down standards in a practical manner which they try and maintain, the principle being to combine maximum safety regulations with minimum restrictive practices to fit in with a successful commercial operation. These standards cover the prevention of spread by not carrying contact passengers who are in a stage of incubation; the prevention of food- and water-borne disease which covers satisfactory food preparation and food handling and also satisfactory water supplies on the aircraft; the prevention of insect-borne disease by adequate aircraft spraying; the prevention of animal-borne disease and the avoidance of, and, if necessary, the adequate treatment of, any animal vermin on the aircraft, and the avoidance of zoonoses carried by animals transported as air freight. In addition to these standards, British Airways run an immunisation centre which provides various pamphlets and booklets which give medical advice. Finally, they make an announcement of the need to take an antimalarial when entering a malarious area.From the organisations other than the airlines the situation is mainly advisory —the World Health Organisation, the Department of Health and Social Security, the Health Educational Council; all issue booklets and pamphlets to a greater or lesser extent. The medical profession and the pharmacists regrettably tend, on the whole, to be ill-informed and uninterested. The media are often inaccurate and tend to put the stress on less important issues. The travel agents and the inclusive tour operators vary greatly in their attitudes. Some are responsible and some are irresponsible.All of these points are covered in the article and it is suggested that more post-graduate centres should encourage lectures on the subject of the prevention of imported disease and it should be included in the medical school curriculum along with the lectures on tropical diseases.

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Barry Wright ◽  
Penny Spikins ◽  
Hannah Pearson

In a special issue that focuses on complex presentations related to Autism, we ask the question in this editorial whether an Autism Spectrum Condition without complexity is a disorder, or whether it represents human diversity? Much research into Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASCs) over the years has focused on comparisons between neuro-typical people and people with Autism Spectrum Conditions. These comparisons have tended to draw attention to ‘deficits’ in cognitive abilities and descriptions of behaviours that are characterised as unwanted. Not surprisingly, this is reflected in the classification systems from the World Health Organisation and the American Psychiatric Association. Public opinion about ASC may be influenced by presentations in the media of those with ASC who also have intellectual disability. Given that diagnostic systems are intended to help us better understand conditions in order to seek improved outcomes, we propose a more constructive approach to descriptions that uses more positive language, and balances descriptions of deficits with research finding of strengths and differences. We propose that this will be more helpful to individuals on the Autism Spectrum, both in terms of individual self-view, but also in terms of how society views Autism Spectrum Conditions more positively. Commentary has also been made on guidance that has been adjusted for people with ASC in relation to the current COVID-19 pandemic.


1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wodak

Surely alcohol and drug matters in Australia should be regarded as the province of psychiatry? Decades before any other branch of medicine displayed any interest in the subject and long before alcohol and drugs were considered even remotely respectable, numerous Australian psychiatrists provided inspiration and leadership in this Cinderella field. Drs Bartholomew, Bell, Buchanan, Chegwidden, Dalton, Drew, Ellard, Lennane, Milner, Milton, Waddy and Pols are some of the best known among the many Australian psychiatrists who pioneered efforts to improve treatment for patients with alcohol and drug problems. The NHMRC Committee on Alcohol and Drug Dependence, which has a considerable potential for influencing the field in Australia, has always been dominated by psychiatrists. In the United Kingdom and the United States, countries which often serve as models for much of Australian medical and other practice, alcohol and drug matters are determined almost exclusively by psychiatrists. Is there any evidence that they have been held back by a psychiatric hegemony on alcohol and drug's? For many decades (and until quite recently), alcohol and drug matters were handled for the World Health Organisation by its Mental Health Division. Did we suffer globally because WHO placed alcohol and drugs under the control of psychiatry?


Subject Videogaming growth. Significance The videogames industry is becoming an increasingly important engine of economic growth while also reflecting important changes in how people work. China is becoming the dominant producer and consumer. Impacts Regulation and intervention will keep encouraging the gaming sector to cluster in certain locations to benefit from economies of scale. Associated activities including live-streaming and e-sports competitions will become increasingly important in the media ecosystem. The World Health Organisation classifies ‘gaming disorder’ as a mental health condition; cases and research into the condition will grow. Three-quarters of gamers surveyed by McAfee worry about cybersecurity; the ‘Fortnite’ game has facilitated thousands of online scams. Childhood gamers develop skills that make them good candidates for cybersecurity work, potentially offsetting an upcoming talent shortage.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Selma Akay Ertürk

Son dokuz yılda Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mültecilerin sayısı 3,5 milyonu geçmiştir ve bunların büyük bir çoğunluğu kamplar dışında yaşamaktadır. Koronavirüs (Kovid-19) salgını çok kısa bir süre içinde pek çok ülkeyi ve kıtayı etkisi altına almıştır. 11 Mart 2020’de Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), Koronavirüs salgınını küresel bir salgın yani pandemi olarak ilan etmiş ve ülkelerden yayılmayı durdurmak için sıkı önlemler almasını istemiştir. Aynı tarihte 11 Mart 2020’de Türkiye’de ilk Koronavirüs vakası Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından duyurulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Koronavirüs’un Türkiye’deki Suriyelilere olan sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve mekansal etkilerini ve Türkiye’de Suriyelilere yardım eden kuruluşların bu salgın döneminde yani bu acil kriz durumuna verdikleri yanıtları incelemektir. Yerli ve yabancı literatür ile resmi kurumların verilerinden, web sayfalarında paylaştıkları bilgilerden ve medyada çıkan haberlerden faydalanılan bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de bulunan Suriyelilerin, Koronavirüs salgını döneminde uluslararası sınırları geçme veya Türkiye’de bulundukları yerde kalma konusunda karşılaştıkları seçenekler değerlendirilmiştir.  Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler Koronavirüs salgını döneminde yerel toplumun üyeleri gibi, ekonomik zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Early Reflections on the Effects of Coronavirus Pandemic on Syrian refugees in Turkey In the past nine years, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey has exceeded 3.5 million, and the vast majority of them live outside the camps. Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has affected many countries and continents in a short time. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic and asked countries to take stringent measures to stop spreading. On March 11, 2020, on the same date the Ministry of Health, announced the first case of COVID-19 in Turkey. This study aims to analyze the social, economic, cultural and spatial effects of Coronavirus on the Syrian refugees in Turkey and to examine the response of the institutions and international and local NGO’s who support the Syrian refugees in Turkey during this pandemic, that is, in an emergency crisis. In this study, which utilizes the data of official institutions, the information they share on their web pages and the news in the media, options of Syrians in Turkey for crossing international borders or for staying in places where they live in Turkey in time of COVID-19 evaluated. During the Coronavirus outbreak, Syrians in Turkey faced with economic difficulties like members of the local community.


1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Klein

The literature on drugs in Africa includes policy statements by government officials which, by and large, follow the line set by international organisations created to design counter-measures to drug consumption and trafficking, such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) of the United Nations. At this level the debate revolves largely around the effectiveness of different preventative strategies; control programmes and the performance of agencies are evaluated, and authors often bewail the perversion of moral values in the countries concerned, while appeals for financial assistance figure frequently in the media. Much less well known are the oral traditions and the popular culture in which the drug users, traffickers, and barons are ascribed certain roles. I would like to compare the material contained in these different bodies of work with my own field observations from the drug ‘scene’ in both high and low density areas of Lagos.


2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S168-S168
Author(s):  
O E Otokiti

Abstract Introduction/Objective Despite innovations and giant strides achieved in medicine, blood transfusion has continually remained an integral aspect of patient care and management. Currently, blood and blood products are part of the World Health Organisation (WHO) model list of Essential Medicine (EML). However, despite being a ‘life saver’, potential risks of transfusion of fatal infections (TTI) are associated with its use, hence this study to evaluate the trend of TTI in blood donors. Methods In this study, 21,464 donors were screened for HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis between 2018 and 2019 via 4 th generation ELISA. Retrospective data was gotten from records. The results were read using a spectrophotometer. Optical Density was calculated for positive and negative controls and only results from runs in which controls had passed were used and released. Results Of the 21,464donors tested, 3818 (17%) were voluntary blood donors (VBD) and 17,646 (83%) were family replacement donors (FRP). Total number of TTI was 1928 (0.1%) of units donated. Of the screened units positive for TTI, HBV accounted for the highest prevalence 1031 (54%), HCV 498 (26%), HIV 246 (13%) and Syphilis 147 (8%). A much higher incidence of TTI sero-positivity was observed in FRP (85%) as compared with voluntary blood donors (15%). Cumulative discard rate from TTI was approximately 0.1%. Conclusion Our results in this study showed that FRP are more likely to transmit TTI than VBD. Blood transfusion services should work more on replacing family replacement donors with voluntary donors. This can be achieved by reinforcing the culture of voluntary blood donation through the media, secondary and higher institutions as well as through advocacy. Indeed the WHO recommends 100% voluntary blood donations for all nations.


2018 ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Mirjana Rasevic

Sweden was the first country in Europe to introduce compulsory sex education into school curricula as early as 1955. It is nowadays integrated in the education systems of many European countries. Is the contemporary approach to sex education realistic in Serbia, as well? In other words, has the state modernised its education system and adapted it to the present-day requirements and needs in this field? With that respect, the paper considers a number of topics related to sex education: contemporary definition of the concept, respect of the relevant human rights, new needs for this type of information, the implementation principles, barriers and models in the European countries, the role of schools, health care institutions and the media, as well as the good practices in Europe. Besides the research results published in scientific papers, important inputs for consideration of the above topics were also taken from the relevant studies of the World Health Organisation, the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health. This has provided the basis for the status assessment and the formulation of expectations with regard to the implementation of youth sex education in Serbia. The emphasis is on working with youth as the key target group for education in this field, although sex education is significant in all stages of life.


Author(s):  
José Leite dos Santos Neto

O presente artigo discorre sobre as interfaces entre cinema, mídia e educação e tem como objetivo discutir tendências da educação midiática para a escola do século XXI. Considera-se o contexto da linguagem audiovisual e cinematográfica como componente central para a definição desse conceito. Elementos da mídia moderna, através do seu poder de persuasão, de maneira intencional ou não, contribui para o ensino e a formação do sujeito. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que se direcionou por questões sobre recepção dos conteúdos com o enfoque para o audiovisual, ressaltando que, o sujeito não é passivo diante do que acessa, mas que tais referências tendem a contribuir com o seu posicionamento político e ideológico. Versou-se também sobre os pressupostos históricos da experiência britânica que, colaboraram significativamente para a compreensão da Educação Midiática enquanto instrumento para formação plena do sujeito. Este estudo reforça a tese de que o elemento audiovisual é um produto de caráter extremamente educativo e, que, frente as mudanças sociais e tecnológicas, a disciplina de Educação Midiática no currículo escolar, se faz necessária para a escola. Nesse contexto, a mídia como um instrumento arrojado da cultura se torna um instrumento capaz de levar ao autoconhecimento e criar representações involuntárias que, como significação e parte da visão de mundo, pode orientar a ação do sujeito.What is media education? The interface between cinema and educationThe present research discourses about the interfaces between cinema, media and education and aims to discuss trends in media literacy for the school in the 21st century. The audiovisual and cinematographic language context has been considered a central component to define this concept. Elements of the modern media, through their persuasion power, whether intentionally or not, contribute to teaching and human development. Drawing from a qualitative approach, an integrative literature review was carried out, which was guided by questions about the reception of contents with a focus on audiovisual, emphasising that the subject is not passive in the face of what he accesses, but that such references tend to contribute to its political and ideological positioning. The research has also presented the theoretical assumptions of the British experience that collaborated significantly with the comprehension of Media Education as a tool for the human formation. This study reinforces the thesis that the audiovisual element is an extremely educational product and that, in the face of social and technological changes, the subject of Media Education in the school curriculum, is vital for school. In this context, the media as a bold instrument of culture becomes an instrument capable of leading to self-knowledge and creating involuntary representations that, as a meaning and part of the world view, can guide the people’s action.Keywords: Media education; Media and Education; Cinema and education; Technology and education.¿Qué es la educación en medios? Un campo de interacción entre cine y educaciónLa presente investigación, ubicada entre las interfaces de cine, medios y educación, tiene como objetivo discutir las tendencias en la educación en medios para la escuela del siglo XXI. El contexto del lenguaje audiovisual y cinematográfico se considera como una especificidad central para la definición de este concepto. Los elementos de los medios modernos, a través de su poder de persuasión, ya sea intencionalmente o no, contribuyen a la educación y capacitación del tema. Basado en un enfoque cualitativo, se llevó a cabo una revisión integral de la literatura, que se guio por preguntas sobre la recepción de contenido con un enfoque en el audiovisual, enfatizando que el sujeto no es pasivo frente a lo que accede, sino que tales referencias tienden para contribuir a su posicionamiento político e ideológico. También abordamos los supuestos históricos de la experiencia británica que, colaboraron significativamente para la comprensión de la Educación en Medios como un instrumento para la formación completa del tema. Este estudio refuerza la tesis de que el elemento audiovisual es un producto extremadamente educativo y que, ante los cambios sociales y tecnológicos, la disciplina de la Educación en Medios en el currículo escolar es necesaria para la escuela. En este contexto, los medios como un instrumento audaz de la cultura se convierten en un instrumento capaz de conducir al autoconocimiento y crear representaciones involuntarias que, como significado y parte de la visión del mundo, pueden guiar la acción del sujeto.Palabras-clave: Educación mediática; La alfabetización mediática; Cine y educación; Tecnología y educación.


Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Peter Brimblecombe

Visibility is a perceptible indicator of air pollution, so it is hardly surprising that it has been used to promote the regulation of air pollutants. In Hong Kong, poor visibility associated with air pollution has been linked with changes in tourist choices and health outcomes. Much research is available to examine the early deterioration of visibility in the city, and especially its relation to particulate sulfate. The period 2004–2012 saw especially poor visibility in Hong Kong and coincided with a time when pollutant levels were high. There is a reasonable correlation (multiple r2 = 0.57) between the monthly hours of low visibility (<8 km) and PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 concentrations from the late 1990s. Visibility can thus be justified as a route to perceiving air pollution. Over the last decade, visibility has improved and average pollutant concentrations have declined in Hong Kong. The changing health risk from individual pollutants parallels their concentration trends: the risk from NO2 and particulate matter at urban sites has declined, but there have been increases in the health risks from ozone as its concentrations have risen across the region, although this is dominated by concentration increases at more rural sites. Since 2004, the frequency of search terms such as visibility, air pollution, and haze on Google has decreased in line with improved visibility. Despite positive changes to Hong Kong’s air quality, typically, the media representation and public perception see the situation as growing more severe, possibly because attention focuses on the air quality objectives in Hong Kong being less stringent than World Health Organisation guidelines. Policymakers increasingly need to account for the perceptions of stakeholders and acknowledge that these are not necessarily bound to measurements from monitoring networks. Improvements in air quality are hard won, but conveying the nature of such improvements to the public can be an additional struggle.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Sukron Mazid ◽  
Suharno Suharno

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan 1.) Bagaimana implementasi; 2.) Faktor pendukung; 3.) Hambatan dalam implementasi nilai-nilai multikultural dalam pembelajaran PKn di MA Ali Maksum Krapyak Yogyakarta. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan kualitatif. Penentuan subjek dengan purposive. Teknik pengumpulan data observasi, dokumentasi, wawancara. Keabsahan data diperoleh dengan teknik trianggulasi sumber. Teknik analisis dengan reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan simpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa implementasi dilakukan dengan dua tataran: a.) Konseptual melalui visi, misi, tujuan, sedangkan b.) Operasional melalui pertama perencanaan pembelajaran, kedua pelaksanaan pembelajaran melalui: 1.) Menanamkan nilai untuk bersikap toleransi, menghargai, demokrasi, keadilan, kese-taraan dan menghormati keragaman; 2.) Metode yang demokratis, kooperatif dan bervariasi; 3.) Materi yang diajarkan mengandung wawasan keragaman, persitiwa dan masalah sosial; 4.) Melatih peserta didik untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah sosial; dan 5.) Media pembelajaran dengan media yang bervariasi. Ketiga evaluasi pembelajaran. Faktor-fakor pendukung adalah peran kepala sekolah, peran guru, kurikulum sekolah, media pembelajaran, kegiatan dan program sekolah, iklim sekolah, dan peserta didik. Hambatan yaitu kurangnya kesiapan dan kesadaran peserta didik, kurangnya sarana dan prasarana, dan minimnya ruang untuk melakukan refleksi. AbstractThis research aims to reveal 1.) How the implementation; 2.) Factor supporting; 3.) Obstacles for the implementation of values multicultural in teaching Pkn in MA Ali Maksum Krapyak Yogyakarta. Approach the research uses qualitative. The determination of the subject with the purposive. Technique data collection observation, documentation, interview. The validity of data is collected to technique trianggulasi source. Technique analysis by reduction data, cereal offering data, and the withdrawal of drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed that the implementation of be done with two landscape a.) conceptual through vision, mission, the purpose and b.) operational through first planning learning. Second presentation weighting through; 1.) Imparting value to be tolerance, appreciate, democracy, justice, equality and respecting diversity; 2.) The method of democratic, cooperative and vary; 3.) The materials given containing insight diversity, 3 and a social issue; 4.) Train school tuition to tackle problems social; and 5.) The media teaching to the media varying. Third evaluation teaching. Supporting factor-factor is the role of the head school, the teacher, school curriculum, media teaching, activities and school program, climate school, and school tuition. Obstacles that is lack of readiness and awareness school tuition, lack of facilities and infrastructure, and inadequate room to make reflection.


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