A Hierarchy of “Confusable” High-Frequency Words in Isolation and Context

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica K. Krieger
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Sight Words ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
School Settings ◽  
Isolated Word ◽  
Disabled Readers ◽  
Target Words ◽  
High Frequency Words

This study assessed the degree to which disabled readers commonly and identically confuse high-frequency sight words in isolation and context. Disabled readers from a university reading clinic and from fourth-grade classrooms were tested for their ability to recognize 22 target words in word lists and in a story. Series of analyses of variance indicated that both groups recognized more words in context than in isolation, and that the clinic and natural school groups did not differ in the number of errors produced in isolation or in context. A Spearman rank-correlation coefficient yielded a very low, statistically significant correlation between the number of errors in isolation and context for the 22 target words. Hierarchical arrangements of words confused in both conditions and words frequently confused in isolation, but rarely in context, are presented. Inspection of these errors suggests that readers relied on visual characteristics of words for isolated word recognition, whereas errors on these words in context were generally regulated by semantic and syntactic constraints of the story. Findings are discussed in terms of diagnosis and instruction through the use of context materials. Suggestions are given for futher research with learning disabled students in natural school settings to identify specific reversal problems with high-frequency words.

Masked onset priming effect for high-frequency words: Further support for the speech-planning account

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Malouf ◽  
Sachiko Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
Speech Planning ◽  
Speech Response ◽  
Target Words ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments investigated whether priming due to a match in just the onset between a masked prime and target is found with high-frequency target words. Forster and Davis (1991, Exp. 5) reported that the masked onset priming effect was absent for high-frequency words and used the finding to argue that the effect has its locus in the grapheme–phoneme mapping process that operates serially within the nonlexical route. Experiment 1 used primes that were unrelated to targets and found a masked onset priming effect of equal size for high-frequency and low-frequency target words. Experiment 2 used form-related primes as used by Forster and Davis, and again found that the effect of onset mismatch was not dependent on target word frequency. These results are interpreted in terms of an alternative view that the masked onset priming effect has its origin in the process of preparing a speech response.

Effects of Context, Thorndike-Lorge Frequency, and Race of Subjects on Continuous Word Association

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Meaningful Context ◽  
Unlimited Amount ◽  
Target Words ◽  
High Frequency Words

46 Caucasian and 80 Negro Ss were given an unlimited amount of time in which to record continuous associations to target words embedded in two types of contexts, grammatically meaningful versus an equal number of unrelated words. Results showed that meaningless contexts functioned as sources of multiple input (cf. Howes & Osgood, 1954) and evoked significantly greater numbers of associations as well as increased response variability (cf. Wilcox, 1966) than did meaningful contexts. Both types of contexts evoked significantly more associations than did target words presented in isolation. Further, high frequency words evoked significantly larger numbers of associations than did low, irrespective of context. Also, white Ss generated significantly larger numbers of associations over all conditions than did Negro Ss. This was seen to be primarily due to the fact that Negro Ss often exhibit lower verbal abilities. Over-all results were interpreted to mean that: meaningful context provides a mechanism whereby S can chunk or unitize the target word plus context and more readily complete the associative task, meaningless contexts increase response variability via multiple input capability, in contrast to previous research (Pollio, Wilcox, & Sundland, 1966) associative hierarchies did not differ as a result of havng been collected within differing contexts except that greater percentages of unique associations were observed than when target words occur in isolation, and context seems best viewed as a constraint capable of determining both type and number of associations available to S, depending, of course, upon the nature of the context.

scholarly journals Detection of Genes Related to Resistance to Silver Nanoparticles in Bacteria from Secondary Endodontic Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marco Felipe Salas-Orozco ◽  
Nereyda Niño Martínez ◽  
Gabriel-Alejandro Martínez-Castañón ◽  
Fernando Torres Méndez ◽  
Nuria Patiño-Marín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Operative Field ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Endodontic Infections ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

Introduction. Silver nanoparticles are used in endodontics due to their antimicrobial activity, although it is considered that bacteria are unable to develop resistance to silver nanoparticles. Silver resistance genes have been related to resistance to nanoparticles and antibiotics. The presence of these resistance genes has not been studied in endodontic bacteria. The objective of this study is to report the prevalence of silver resistance genes in endodontic bacteria. Methods. The selected teeth were isolated using a rubber dam and any restoration, post, or caries was eliminated. The operative field was disinfected, and the root-filling material was removed. The samples were obtained using three sterile paper points to absorb the fluid of the root canal. The DNA from the samples and the control organism was extracted, and the detection of the silCBA resistance genes was carried out by PCR. Results. The results of this study show a high prevalence (73.3%) of silCBA silver resistance genes. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was utilized to identify correlations between the presence of genes and clinical variables. Conclusions. This study reports a high frequency of silver resistance genes related to nanoparticle resistant from bacteria.

Experience Matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro S. Mendes ◽  
Karlos Luna ◽  
Pedro B. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Actual Frequency ◽  
Actual Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Abstract. The present study tested if word frequency effects on judgments of learning (JOLs) are exclusively due to beliefs or if the direct experience with the items also plays a role. Across four experiments, participants read prompts about the frequency of the words (high/low), which could be congruent/incongruent with the words’ actual frequency. They made pre-study JOLs (except Experiment 1b), immediate JOLs, and completed a recall test. If experience drives the effect, JOLs should be based on actual word frequency rather than the prompts. Results showed higher pre-study JOLs for prompts of high frequency, but higher immediate JOLs for high-frequency words regardless of the prompt, suggesting an effect of direct experience with the words. In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated participants’ beliefs, finding a small effect of beliefs on JOLs. We conclude that, regarding word frequency, direct experience with the items seems more relevant than beliefs when making immediate JOLs.

Making High Frequency Words Harder to Read

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Brown ◽  
Lucia Colombo ◽  
Stephen J. Lupker
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Words

HUBUNGAN BEBAN KERJA PERAWAT DENGAN KELENGKAPAN PENGISIAN DOKUMENTASI ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Etlida Wati ◽  
Ulva Arini
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Hospital Room ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Nurse Workload

<p>Documentation is an activity of recording, reporting or recording an event and activities carried out in the form of providing services that are considered important and valuable. One factor that can influence documentation is the nurse's workload. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between nurses' workload and the application of documentation in the Hj. Anna Lasmanah Banjarnegara. This  research is quantitative with a cross sectional approach descriptive correlation design. Samples were taken with a total sampling of 65 nurses. Instruments to measure documentation using observation sheets. While the nurse workload instrument uses a questionnaire sheet. The analysis technique uses Spearman Rank correlation. Based on the research results of the workload of a nurse in the hospital room , most of them are in the weight category, as many as 46 respondents (70.8%). Application of nursing care documentation in the hospital room Hj. Anna Lasmanah Banjarnegara, most of them are respondents in the incomplete category as many as 63 respondents (96.9%). There is a significant relationship between nurse workload with the application of documentation, this is evidenced by the results of the Spearman Rank correlation bivariate analysis, which is r = 0.688 with p = 0.000 &lt;0.05. It is hoped that management will motivate nurses to complete the documentation of nursing care</p>

Efektivitas Komunikasi Pendamping Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 894
Author(s):  
Yara Falmira Dianira
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Communication Effectiveness ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Corporate Social

ABSTRACT An important factor for the success of a CSR program is effective communication. Communication will be effective if it has an impact. If the information is conveyed based on the needs, then the communication will be effective. This study aims to analyze the factors which are related to the effectiveness of CSR communication. This study used a census method to approach 37 participants who received CSR programs. The Data analysis used the Spearman rank correlation for the statistical tests. The results showed that there was a correlation between factors that have the strength of CSR companion communication (level of attractiveness of the companion, quality of message content, and sources of information) which have real communication at the level of understanding of the participants of the Kertajaya Creative Destination (KCD) CSR program. In addition, there is a real correlation the factors that have the strength of CSR companion communication (the level of credibility of the companion, the source information, and the level of the recipient) and having communication at the level of attitudes of participants in the Kertajaya Creative Destination (KCD) CSR program. However, there is no real correlation between CSR companion communication factors and participant actions.Keywords :communication effectiveness, CSR, elements of communication. ABSTRAK Faktor penting dari keberhasilan program CSR adalah komunikasi yang efektif. Komunikasi dikatakan efektif jika menimbulkan dampak. Bila informasi tersampaikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan, maka komunikasi yang dijalankan efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas komunikasi pendamping CSR. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sensus terhadap 37 orang peserta penerima program CSR. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik korelasi rank Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan nyata antara faktor efektivitas komunikasi pendamping CSR (derajat daya tarik pendamping, kualaitas isi pesan, dan sumber informasi)  dengan efektivitas komunikasi pada tingkat pemahaman peserta program CSR Kertajaya Creative Destination (KCD). Selain itu, terdapat hubungan nyata antara faktor efektivitas komunikasi pendamping CSR (tingkat kredibilitas pendamping, sumber informasi, dan tingkat penerima) dengan efektivitas komunikasi pada tingkat sikap peserta program CSR Kertajaya Creative Destination (KCD). Namun, tidak terdapat hubungan nyata antara faktor efektivitas komunikasi pendamping CSR dengan tindakan peserta. Kata Kunci : CSR, efektivitas komunikasi, unsur-unsur komunikasi.

scholarly journals Crisis Management in Higher Education in the Time of Covid-19: The Case of Actor Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Anna McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Actor Training ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Frequency Words

The impact of Covid-19 placed Higher Education leadership in a state of crisis management, where decision making had to be swift and impactful. This research draws on ethea of mindfulness, actor training techniques, referencing high-reliability organisations (HRO). Interviews conducted by the author with three leaders of actor training conservatoires in Higher Education institutions in Australia, the UK and the USA reflect on crisis management actions taken in response to the impact of Covid-19 on their sector, from which high-frequency words are identified and grouped thematically. Reflecting on these high-frequency words and the thematic grouping, a model of mindful leadership is proposed as a positive tool that may enable those in leadership to recognise and respond efficiently to wider structural frailties within Higher Education, with reference to the capacity of leaders to operate with increased mindfulness, enabling a more resilient organisation that unlocks the locus of control.

scholarly journals Does continuity in nursing staff matter? A pilot study on correlation of central line-associated bloodstream infections and employee turnover

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Scheier ◽  
Stefan P. Kuster ◽  
Mesida Dunic ◽  
Christian Falk ◽  
Hugo Sax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Employee Turnover ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Nursing Personnel ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman Rank

Abstract Background Understaffing has been previously reported as a risk factor for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). No previous study addressed the question whether fluctuations in staffing have an impact on CLABSI incidence. We analyzed prospectively collected CLABSI surveillance data and data on employee turnover of health care workers (HCW) to address this research question. Methods In January 2016, a semiautomatic surveillance system for CLABSI was implemented at the University Hospital Zurich, a 940 bed tertiary care hospital in Switzerland. Monthly incidence rates (CLABSI/1000 catheter days) were calculated and correlations with human resources management-derived data on employee turnover of HCWs (defined as number of leaving HCWs per month divided by the number of employed HCWs) investigated. Results Over a period of 24 months, we detected on the hospital level a positive correlation of CLABSI incidence rates and turnover of nursing personnel (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.467, P = 0.022). In more detailed analyses on the professional training of nursing personnel, a correlation of CLABSI incidence rates and licensed practical nurses (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.26, P = 0.038) or registered nurses (r = 0.471, P = 0.021) was found. Physician turnover did not correlate with CLABSI incidence (Spearman rank correlation, r =  −0.058, P = 0.787). Conclusions Prospectively determined CLABSI incidence correlated positively with the degree of turnover of nurses overall and nurses with advanced training, but not with the turnover of physicians. Efforts to maintain continuity in nursing staff might be helpful for sustained reduction in CLABSI rates.

scholarly journals FRI0177 MULTI-MODALITY IMAGING TO EVALUATE LUPUS NEPHRITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 672.2-673
Author(s):  
C. Dykas ◽  
B. H. Rovin ◽  
M. Boesen ◽  
O. Kubassova ◽  
P. Lipsky
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
Multi Center Study ◽  
Mean Time

Background:Lupus nephritis (LN) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in subjects with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The gold standard for evaluation of LN remains the kidney biopsy, whereas renal function is usually evaluated by eGFR and urinary protein:creatinine ratio. More effective and sensitive methodology is needed to assess LN and also the response to treatment. Functional imaging of the kidney using quantitative techniques has great potential, as it can assess kidney function and pathologic changes non-invasively by evaluating perfusion, oxygenation, cellular density and fibrosis.Objectives:The objective of this study was to develop a multi-modality imaging approach for the evaluation of the spectrum of pathologic changes in LN and to determine when imaging data correlated with renal functionMethods:In this multi-center study (NCT03180021), subjects who were having a standard of care renal biopsy for LN were asked to participate in the imaging evaluation. Local Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, and subjects signed an Informed Consent Form. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) was employed to detect changes in vascularization and perfusion, Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) to assess interstitial diffusion, T2*Map/BOLD to evaluate tissue oxygenation and T1rho to evaluate fibrosis (Figure 1). Regions of interest were identified in the imaged kidneys and imaging parameters were correlated with measures of renal function, including eGFR and urinary protein: creatinine ratio. In DCE-MRI, we specifically focused on mean Maximum Enhancement (ME), mean Time to Peak Enhancement (TTP) and mean Time of Washout (Twashout) as indicators of renal perfusion.Results:Nine subjects have been evaluated to date and their imaging data assessed for quality. Evaluation of mean data from DCE-MRI has shown a significant correlation between renal perfusion and renal function. For example, as shown in the figure, the 24 hour protein concentration negatively correlated with ME (rs=-0.81, p=0.015), TTP (rs=-0.83, p=0.01) and Twashout (rs=-0.81.p=0.01, Spearman rank correlation). In addition, the protein:creatinine ratio also negatively correlated with ME (rs=-0.79, p=0.02), TTP (rs=-0.74, p=0.04) and Twashout (rs=-0.79, p=0.02, Spearman rank correlation).Conclusion:These initial results have established the feasibility of multi-modality imaging as a tool to evaluate LN in a multi-center study. Moreover, changes in perfusion detected by DCE-MRI significantly correlate with proteinuria and urinary protein:creatinine ratio. These results suggest that multiparameter imaging may contribute useful data in the evaluation of subjects with LN.Figure:Disclosure of Interests:Claire Dykas: None declared, Brad H Rovin Grant/research support from: GSK, Consultant of: GSK, Mikael Boesen Consultant of: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Esaote, Glenmark, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Paid instructor for: IAG, Image Analysis Group, AbbVie, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, esaote, Glenmark, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB (scientific advisor)., Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, Esaote, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Olga Kubassova Shareholder of: IAG, Image Analysis Group, Consultant of: Novartis, Takeda, Lilly, Employee of: IAG, Image Analysis Group, Peter Lipsky Consultant of: Horizon Therapeutics

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