The Size, Composition, and Dynamics of the Russian State Bureaucracy in the 1990s

Slavic Review ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Brym ◽  
Vladimir Gimpelson
Keyword(s):  
Size Composition ◽  
High Status ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
State Service ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
State Bureaucracy ◽  
Age Segregation ◽  
Bureaucratic Efficiency ◽  
Official Data

In this paper Robert J. Brym and Vladimir Gimpelson analyze changes in the size and social composition of the Russian state bureaucracy in the 1990s based on official data. Although the Russian state bureaucracy grew somewhat at the regional level in the 1990s, it actually shrank at the federal level. Comparing the Russian state bureaucracy to the Weberian ideal type of bureaucratic efficiency, the authors also demonstrate the existence of strong gender and age segregation, with women and young people concentrated at lower levels and men and older people concentrated at higher levels. Furthermore, because many public officials were formally educated in the pre-perestroika era, they are poorly adapted to the needs of a modern state. Finally, circulation of new personnel through the bureaucracy, or bureaucratic “renewal,” is slow and occurs mainly at low-status levels. Circulation of personnel at high-status levels is practically nonexistent. Consequentiy, young recruits have little incentive to remain in state service and older officials confront little competition from either below or outside the state bureaucracy. Much of the inefficiency of the Russian state bureaucracy stems from these realities.

NF2 mutation-driven renal cell carcinomas (RCC): A comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) study.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 726-726
Author(s):  
Evgeny Yakirevich ◽  
Carmen Perrino ◽  
Andrea Necchi ◽  
Petros Grivas ◽  
Gennady Bratslavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clear Cell ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
High Status ◽  
Genomic Alterations ◽  
Mutational Burden ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Comprehensive Genomic Profiling ◽  
Tumor Mutational Burden ◽  
Male Preponderance ◽  
Ffpe Tissues

726 Background: NF2 genomic alterations (GA) have been associated with aggressive behavior in RCC. Methods: FFPE tissues from 1,386 clear cell (ccRCC), 307 papillary (pRCC), 72 chromophobe (chRCC), 145 sarcomatoid (sRCC), 54 collecting duct (cdRCC),37 medullary (medRCC) and 134 unclassified (nosRCC) underwent hybrid-capture based CGP to evaluate all classes of genomic alterations (GA). Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was determined on up to 1.1 Mbp of sequenced DNA and MSI was determined on 114 loci. PD-L1 expression was determined by IHC (Dako 22C3). Results: 140 (7%) RCC featured NF2 GA which were predominantly short variant (SV) mutations. Gender and age were similar with male preponderance in all histologic subtypes. NF2 GA frequency was highest in cdRCC (20%) and sRCC (19%) and lowest in ccRCC (3%). The medRCC at 5% NF2 GA and chRCC at 0% NF2 GA were not further evaluated. VHL and PBRM1 GA were significantly more frequent in NF2 altered ccRCC than all other RCC (P < 0.001). Other mTOR pathway GA were uncommon. Potentially targetable kinase GA in NF2-mutated RCC included BRAF (2% of ccRCC), EGFR (3% of pRCC), ERBB3 (4% of sRCC) and PIK3CA (9% of cdRCC). No NF2 mutated RCC featured MSI -high status and both TMB and PD-L1 expression levels were extremely low in all subsets with exception of high PD-L1 staining in sRCC tumors. Conclusions: cdRCC, sRCC, pRCC and nosRCC are enriched in NF2 GA. Low PBRM1 GA, TMB and MSI- high predict resistance to immunotherapy in NF2 mutated RCC although the high PD-L1 expression in sRCC is noteworthy.[Table: see text]

scholarly journals The Role of Bureaucracy in Democratic Governance in Nigeria: Relevance and Evidence from Akwa Ibom State (1999-2017)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor E. Ita ◽  
David A. Titus
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
Reasonable Evidence ◽  
State Bureaucracy

The paper examined how bureaucracy, as the legitimate organ for the implementation of state policies and programmes, has enhanced democratic governance in Nigeria using Akwa Ibom State as a reference point. The paper attempted to analyze the interplay between the political concept of democracy and bureaucratic practice in the State. The basic assumption of the paper was that democratic governance can be enhanced through effective and efficient bureaucracy. Based on documentary analysis with a tinge of survey (interview) method, it was observed that bureaucracy in Akwa Ibom has shown reasonable evidence of involvement in the implementation of government policies and programmes towards the welfare of the citizenry in demonstration of good governance. Moreover, the paper noted that the State bureaucracy needed to be repositioned to tackle some negative tendencies such as poor attitude to work, improper postings and placement of employees to positions of responsibilities and corrupt practices among public officials. Given these findings, it was recommended, among others, that the principles of transparency, probity and accountability should be made paramount as a norm and in praxis within and without the State bureaucracy; that meritocracy should constitute the basis for recruitments/appointments and postings within the civil service. These would enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the bureaucracy towards democratic governance.

scholarly journals Traditional Russian Family as a Basis for Sustainable Development of the State and Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
Aleksander M. Egorychev ◽  
Lev V. Mardakhaev ◽  
Anna G. Akhtyan ◽  
Yanina V. Shimanovskaya ◽  
Rustam A. Archakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
High Status ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Basic Institution ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Abstract The relevance of the problem under examination is stemming from the present difficult situation with the basic institution of the Russian society, i.e. the Russian family. Modern researchers explore the issues related to the present and future of the Russian family institution as a basis for sustainable development of the state and society. They analyze the condition of the present-day Russian family and reveal the reasons of its crisis. The authors of this research firmly uphold the position that only revival of traditional meanings and values of the Russian family will allow to keep its high status in the society and to foster sustainable development of the Russian state and society. This research is aimed at identifying and validating the factors and conditions that contribute to the revival of the traditional foundations of the Russian family, and to the sustainable development of the Russian state and society as a whole. The main approaches to the study of this problem were culturological and socio-historical, which allow to solve the pursued goals and objectives. The paper presents the analysis of the current socio-political situation in Russia, identifies and validates the main aspects and causes of the existing harsh reality of the Russian institution of family, discloses and identifies factors and conditions essential for sustainable development of the country. The materials of this research have practical value for researchers and specialists dealing with problems of the Russian family and challenges of sustainable development of the Russian society.

scholarly journals Do low-brow tastes demonstrate stronger categorical differentiation? An analysis of fiction readership in Russia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Sokolov ◽  
Nadezhda Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Structural Embeddedness ◽  
Mary Douglas ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Status

In his paper establishing the foundations of omnivorousness theory, Richard Peterson suggested that the system of tastes is organized as a pyramid “with one elite taste at the top and more and more alternative forms at about the same level as one moves down the pyramid toward its base”, with tastes at the bottom “mark[ing] the status boundaries between taste groups defined by age, gender, race, region, religion, lifestyle” (1992). High-status individuals are likely to consume a few genres at all levels of the taste pyramid, while low-status ones tend to patronise only one genre situated at the bottom. While one of the predictions following from this model —concerning the omnivorounsness of privileged groups—has been tested in numerous studies, the thesis of stronger structural embeddedness of low-brow tastes has been researched much less extensively. If Peterson is right, we would find that the consumption of high-brow objects strongly correlates with class characteristics, such as education, although consumption of low- and middle-brow does not; on the contrary, the consumption of low-brow objects correlates with belonging to gender, age, ethnic, or other groupings, where the consumption of high-brow objects does not. In this paper, we use a dataset from a Saint Petersburg public library system to analyze 1 900 000 book choices of above 170 000 readers to find out whether these predictions hold. We find that there is indeed a strong negative correlation between the attractiveness of an author for predominantly educated readers and the gender and age specificity of his/her audience. In the second part of the article we discuss two possible theoretical explanation of this finding: (a) the opposition between the high-grid culture of unprivileged groups and the low-grid culture of elites, as described in Mary Douglas’ “cultural theory”, and (b) the opposition between relaxational and self-cultivating usages of culture.

scholarly journals Social Media as a Field of a Modern Teenager’s Socialization

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
V.S. Sobkin ◽  
A.V. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sociology Of Education ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Moscow Oblast ◽  
High Status ◽  
Education Management ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Use Of Social Media

The paper explores teenagers’ attitude towards social media: their opinion about functions, specifics, and content of the interaction. The analysis is based on the data of a questionnaire survey carried out by the staff of the Centre of Sociology of Education (Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education). The survey involved 2074 students of 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th grades of schools of the Moscow Oblast. The data obtained in the research reveal specific gender and age differences. In using social media male students aim at expanding their social contacts, whereas female students are more interested in its informational and educational functions. The interest in the topic of personal relationships increases with age. The data showed that use of social media depends on student’s social status: those with high status among classmates value interaction in social media for its “freedom”, while those who have low status in real life emphasize the possibility to have a different self—representation in social media. According to the survey motives and activity in social media of those adolescents who consider their profiles as ‘provocative’ or ‘explicit’ significantly differ from those who want to keep their real-life personality (p≤0,05 for all comparisons). The results allow us to conclude that to a modern adolescent social media is a social testing ground where they solve their age-related and social conflicts.

scholarly journals Modern Teenager: Protest Demonstration and Attitude Towards Extremism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
A.V. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Sociology Of Education ◽  
Male Students ◽  
High Status ◽  
Education Management ◽  
Public Protest ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Gender And Age Differences ◽  
Protest Activity

The paper explores teenagers’ attitude towards protest demonstration and exremism. The analysis is based on the data of a questionnaire survey carried out by the staff of the Centre of Sociology of Education (Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education).The survey involved 4873 students of grades 7th–11th of schools located in 3 regions of Russian Federation: Zabaikalsky Krai, Tulskaya oblast’ and Smolenskaya oblast’. The data obtained in the research reveal specific gender and age differences. Male students choose active forms of protest whereas female students prefer discussions with friends and family or hiding their protest. The legitimate protest activity increases with age. The data showed that protest demonstration depend on student’s social status: those with high status among classmates tend to choose active protest forms like participating in public protest events, appealing to the authorities, going to court. According to the survey teenagers’ readiness to participate in active protest forms and involvement into extremist organizations’ activity are connected to their activity in social media and aggressive behavior on the Internet (p≤0,05 for all comparisons). The results allow us to conclude that teenagers’ protest activity and their involvement into extremist organizations’ activity and attitude towards extremism are a part of their overall life position and determined by personal characteristics.

Youth Gangs and Public Policy

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ronald Huff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Youth Gangs ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Official Data

Recent studies have begun to document the changing organizational forms of youth gangs in the United States. The emergence/re-emergence of these gangs, often accompanied by increased violence and involvement in drug use and/or trafficking, poses major public policy issues. However, little empirical research has been conducted on this subject, and very few studies have been based on interviews with gang members as well as official data and the perspectives of public officials. This article summarizes the results and recommendations of a two-year study of youth gangs in Ohio, focusing primarily on in-depth case studies of Cleveland and Columbus gangs.

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