Town and City Consolidation in Connecticut

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-502
Author(s):  
Max R. White
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
City Area ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Services ◽  
Farming Area ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban

Town and city consolidation in Connecticut serves purposes similar to those of city and county consolidation. Duplicating corporate bodies and officials are eliminated, and one government provides those services that are required only in urban areas as well as those required by both rural and urban areas. In addition, by the use of separate taxing districts a method has been developed whereby the people of the entire area pay for the general services while the people in the urban area do, and the people in the rural area do not, pay for the special urban services. Thus, it is possible to bring together a farming area and a city area under one government.

scholarly journals Authors Response: Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Jorge Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
The Difference

We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies."...

Synanthropy of dipterans collected in cattle feces in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 050-053
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Arthropod Fauna ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Area Percentage

Cattle feces accumulated in pastures and stables constitute an especially favorable microhabitat for the development of a rich and heterogeneous arthropod fauna. This study determined the species of Diptera of Medical, Veterinary and Agricultural importance present in forest, rural and urban areas in the municipality of Monte Alegre, state Minas Gerais Southeast region, Brazil in the period from March to November 2006. The dipterans pupae were individually placed in glass jars until the emergence of the dipterans. A total of 372 dipteran pupae were collected, 107 in the forest area, 194 in the rural area and 71 in the urban area. Percentage of dipterans in forest, rural and urban areas were 28.7%, 52.2% and 19.1%, respectively. Sorcophagula occidua (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was the most frequent species with 42.2%. Regarding the synanthropy index of the species Archisepsis scabra (Loew, 1861) (Diptera: Sepsidae) Palaeosepsis pusio (Schiner, 1868) (Diptera: Sepsidae), Brontaea quadristigma (Thomson, 1869) (Diptera: Muscidae) and S. occidua presented an index of 16.0%, - 64%, +18.4% and +7.7%, respectively. Dipterans constitute the adequate model for the study of synanthropy, not only for their ecological importance, but also for their medical-sanitary aspect.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Intra Uterine Growth Retardation and its Prevention Among Antenatal Mothers in Rural and Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Vanitha Chittaluri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

Intra Uterine Growth Retardation is an important cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The present study was undertaken to compare the knowledge and attitude regarding intra uterine growth retardation and its prevention among antenatal mothers in rural and urban areas Khammam, Telangana. The objectives of the study were to describe the levels of knowledge and attitude, to compare the levels of Knowledge and attitude in rural and urban areas, to find out the association between knowledge and attitude scores with their selected socio-demographic variables. A quantitative survey approach and comparative descriptive design was used for this study. The sample for current study is antenatal mothers who were residing at Raghunadhapalem rural area and Ballepalli urban area, Khammam. The sample size was 100((50 rural+50 urban) and the sample was selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by using structure interview schedule. The Findings revealed that the knowledge means of antenatal mothers in rural and urban areas were 14.10 and 16.68 respectively. Standard deviations were 3.29 and 3.3 respectively. The ‘t’ calculated value was 3.89 which is significant at 0.05. The attitude means of antenatal mothers in rural and urban areas were 36.08 and 36.02 respectively. Standard deviations were 2.15 and 2.48 respectively. The ‘t’ calculated value was 0.12 which is significant at 0.05. The study concluded that the level of knowledge is low in rural area by comparing with urban area. There is an increased need for awareness program regarding intra uterine growth retardation and its prevention in selected setting in order to promote the health of the fetus and the mother.

scholarly journals Social Determinant of Health of Adults Smoking Behavior: Differences between Urban and Rural Areas in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitri Kurnia Rahim ◽  
Thunwadee Suksaroj ◽  
Isareethika Jayasvasti
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Tobacco Control Program ◽  
Rural And Urban

Indonesia has the highest prevalence of smoking behavior among Southeast Asian countries. This study aimed to determine predictors of smoking behavior between rural and urban areas. Data were taken from The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). This study used ross-sectional analytical study and multiple logistic regression analysis. Samples were 8,305 Indonesian adults aged ≥ 15 years. The study showed that smokers in rural area were higher than in urban area, respectively 36.8% and 31.9%. Significant predictors of smoking behavior in rural and urban areas were age, occupation, sex, education level, economic status as well as smoking rule inside home. In urban area, age was also significant predictor and otherwise in rural area. The strongest predictor was smoking rule inside home and sex for smoking behavior, either in rural or in urban area. Tobacco control program should be relatively increased by considering the appropriate target population both in rural and urban area due to a little different of smoking behavior path, hence sex perspective should be involved also in tobacco control program. Regulation on smoke-free home should be encouraged to be implemented among houses of community.AbstrakIndonesia memiliki prevalensi perilaku merokok tertinggi di antara negara-negara di Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prediktor terhadap perilaku merokok antara wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan. Data diambil dari Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Penelitian menggunakan studi analitik potong lintang dan analisis regresi logistik ganda. Sampel berjumlah 8.305 orang dewasa Indonesia berusia ≥ 15 tahun. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perokok di wilayah pedesaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan di wilayah perkotaan, masing-masing 36,8% dan 31,9%. Prediktor signifikan terhadap perilaku merokok di wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan adalah usia, pekerjaan, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, status ekonomi serta aturan merokok di dalam rumah. Di wilayah perkotaan, usia juga merupakan prediktor yang signifikan dan sebaliknya di wilayah pedesaan. Prediktor terkuat adalah aturan merokok di dalam rumah dan jenis kelamin untuk perilaku merokok di wilayah pedesaan atau perkotaan. Program pengendalian tembakau secara relatif harus ditingkatkan dengan mempertimbangkan populasi target yang sesuai, baik di wilayah pedesaan maupun perkotaan karena adanya sedikit perbedaan jalan perilaku merokok, maka sudut pandang jenis kelamin juga harus dilibatkan dalam program pengendalian tembakau. Aturan rumah bebas asap rokok harus didorong untuk diterapkan pada rumah penduduk.

scholarly journals Kadar glukosa darah dan tekanan darah pada penduduk pedesaan dan perkotaan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasmini Tasmini ◽  
Arta Farmawati ◽  
Sunarti Sunarti ◽  
Pramudji Hastuti ◽  
Ahmad Hamim Sadewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRAK Sebagian besar penduduk di daerah pedesaan bertaraf ekonomi menengah ke bawah, memiliki keterbatasan akses informasi, dan memiliki mata pencaharian berbeda dibanding penduduk kota. Bantar Kulon merupakan daerah pedesaan dan Kronggahan adalah daerah perkotaan di Yogyakarta. Mengingat terjadinya pergeseran pola penyakit dari penyakit menular ke penyakit tidak menular serta adanya pengaruh lingkungan dan gaya hidup terhadap terjadinya penyakit degeneratif, dilakukan pengkajian mengenai faktor risiko sindroma metabolik di dua daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) dan tekanan darah (TD), serta keluhan/ penyakit utama pada penduduk di daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan. Sebanyak 71 orang dari Bantar Kulon dan 91 orang dari Kronggahan diperiksa kadar GDP menggunakan GCU Multi-Function Monitoring System (EasyTouch®). Tekanan darah diperiksa menggunakan sphygmomanometer raksa dan otomatis. Faktor risiko GDP dan TD kedua lokasi ditampilkan dalam bentuk deskriptif berdasarkan cut-off (GDP: ≥100mg/dL; TD: ≥140/90 mmHg). Uji t atau Mann Whitney U dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaaan nilai variabel antar kedua lokasi. Hasil dinyatakan berbeda bermakna jika p<0,05. Data keluhan kesehatan ditampilkan secara deskriptif. Tidak ada perbedaan kadar GDP antara desa dan kota (p=0,385). Persentase subjek yang memiliki GDP ≥ 100 mg/dL lebih banyak di kota dibanding desa (42,3% vs 26,4%). Persentase hipertensi berdasarkan pemeriksaan lebih tinggi di kota dibanding desa (50,5% vs 33,8%). Berdasarkan wawancara, keluhan/ penyakit tertinggi pada kedua wilayah adalah hipertensi sebanyak 23 orang (33,82%) di desa dan 30 (32,97%) di kota. Disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko GDP di atas normal lebih banyak ditemukan di desa sedangkan hipertensi lebih banyak ditemukan di kota. Keluhan/ penyakit utama di kedua wilayah adalah hipertensi.KATA KUNCI kadar glukosa darah; penyakit metabolik; hipertensi; pedesaan; perkotaan             ABSTRACT Most people living in rural areas are from lower to middle income class, have limited access to information, and have different occupations compared to those in urban areas. In Yogyakarta, Bantar Kulon is a rural area, while Kronggahan is an urban area. Currently, the pattern of disease is shifting from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases with environment and lifestyle factors as determinants. Thus, it is necessary to study the trends of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in both areas. This study aimed to seek the difference of  fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), and major complaints/illness between rural and urban areas. 71 people from Bantar Kulon and 91 people from Kronggahan were examined for FBG levels using GCU Monitoring System (EasyTouch®). Blood pressures were checked using sphygmomanometer. Risk factors for FBG and BP were presented as frequencies based on cut-offs (FBG: ≥100mg/dL; BP: ≥140/90 mmHg). T-test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the difference in variables between both areas. Results were significantly different if p <0.05. Health complaint data were displayed descriptively. There was no difference in FBG level between rural and urban areas (p = 0.385). The percentage of subjects with  FBG ≥ 100 mg / dL was higher in Kronggahan than in Bantar Kulon (42.3% vs 26.4%). Based on examination, percentage of hypertension was higher in urban than rural areas (50.5% vs. 33.8%). Based on interviews, the top complaint/ disease in both areas was hypertension. The number of subjects who were diagnosed with hypertension were 23 (33,82%) and 30 (32,97%) from Bantar Kulon and Kronggahan respectively. Impaired fasting glucose was more common in Bantar Kulon (rural area) while hypertension is more common in Kronggahan (urban area). The main complaint / disease in both regions is hypertension.KEYWORDS blood glucose; metabolic syndrome; hypertension; rural area; urban area

scholarly journals PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP, DAN PRAKTEK ASI EKSLUSIF SERTA STATUS GIZI BAYI USIA 4-12 BULAN DI PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Asrinisa Rachmadewi ◽  
Ali Khomsan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Breastfeeding Knowledge ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

The main aim of this study was to compare breastfeeding knowledge, attitude, and practice and infants nutritional status between rural and urban areas. In this cross-sectional study, Desa Jayabakti, Kabupaten Sukabumi represents rural area, while Kelurahan Kedung Jaya, Kota Bogor represents urban area. Samples were 31 mothers-infants in each area who were selected by simple cluster sampling method. The differences between two areas were analyzed with the independent t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. The correlation between variables was analyzed with rank Spearman. The result of this study showed that mother's knowledge and attitude of nutrition, especially about exclusive breastfeeding, was higher in urban than in rural area. There were differences in mothers' knowledge and attitude between rural and urban areas (p&amp;lt;0.05). Exclusive breastfeeding in rural area practiced by 41.9%, which is higher than in urban area (25.8%). Nevertheless, there was no statistical difference in exclusive breastfeeding practice between rural and urban areas (p&amp;gt;0.05). The aspects of breastfeeding practices which statistically difference in rural and urban areas were the introduction of colostrums status and breastfeeding time (p&amp;lt;0.05). Early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in urban area (p&amp;lt;0.05), but none of the variables were associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in rural area (p&amp;gt;0.05). Furthermore, exclusive breastfeeding practice was not associated with 4-12 months infants nutritional status (p&amp;gt;0.05). Mothers' family should be targeted as target of audience in breastfeeding promotion.  Keywords: breastfeeding practice, exclusive breastfeeding, knowledge, attitude, infant                  nutritional status, rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Lifestyle associated morbidity among geriatric population–urban and rural comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nipun Agrawal ◽  
Danish Imtiaz ◽  
Atul K. Singh ◽  
Shyam B. Gupta ◽  
Abhishek Jain
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: The proportion of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than any other age group in almost every country which can be attributed to longer life expectancy, declining birth rates, expansion of healthcare services in quality and quantity. An individual’s choice of behaviour may be either health promoting or detrimental to health. Health is both a consequence of an individual’s lifestyle and a factor determining it but it cannot be isolated from other aspects of life. With the above background, this study was planned to report and compare lifestyle and prevalence of lifestyle associated morbidities among geriatric population of rural and urban areas in district Bareilly (UP).Methods: The present descriptive cross sectional study was conducted over a period of one year amongst families registered with UHTC and RHTC of SRMS IMS, Bareilly. All persons willing to participate aged 60 years or more were interviewed in the presence of one family member.Results: A total of 525 elderly, 263 rural and 262 urban, were surveyed. The mean age of elderly residing in the rural and urban areas are 66.21±5.97 and 67.30±5.89 respectively, eldest being 96 years old rural subject. Lifestyle of rural elderlies was healthier compared to urban subjects. 12.5% rural elderly had no apparent disease against only 7.5% urban elderly.Conclusions: Overall consumption of salt and oil consumed per person per day was found to be higher amongst the elderly residing in the urban area as compared to those in the rural area. Most of the elderly of rural area (77.57%) as well as urban area (59.92%) fall in Zone–1 i.e. with an audit score below 7. Proportion of current tobacco users and ever tobacco users were higher in the rural area (40.68% and 46.76% respectively). The proportion of subjects who were apparently healthy was higher in rural area (46.77%) than urban area (39.69%).

scholarly journals Authors Response: Clinical Differences Between Children With Asthma And Rhinitis In Rural And Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
Jorde Sánchez ◽  
Andrés Sánchez ◽  
Ricardo Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children With Asthma

Dear Editors: We greatly appreciate the interest shown in the article "Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas", which we hope will be one of several future articles that we intend to carry out in the study cohort. To the questions generated by the reader, one is focused on the calculation of the sample size, while the other two questions are focus in the method of analysis, and the reader suggests, it could be more robust. Regarding the sample size, we describe that infant asthma in urban areas of Medellin was 11% and rhinitis 23%, according to previous studies. There is no data available for the rural area. We note that with a confidence level of 95%, a power of 80% and a sample size error of 0.5%, the sample size was calculated; estimating 201 children for the urban area and 128 for the rural area. Finally, we recruited and were able to continue for a year, a total of 248 children from the urban area and 134 from the rural area. The complaint of the reader, is focus that the more appropriated technique would be "… the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies." First, we fully agree with the reader that for this type of design, the study lost power by the form of sample size calculation. We did not find studies with the urban and rural ACT tests in the studied population, which made it impossible to obtain these parameters to perform the sample size calculation by the technique "power two means" (difference of means of two independent groups). ). As we noted in the article, we do not have previous data in the rural population that allow us to infer the precise prevalence of asthma in this area; as we also noted in the article the prevalence in Colombia of asthma in the general urban population is 11%, there are also data that indicate that in the child population (less than 12 years) it is around 23%; if we work with these two prevalence where we assume that the highest in children is for the urban population and that possibly the lowest corresponds to what happens in the rural population 1 and assuming the parameters; alpha 0.05, power 0.80, delta 0.12 rural prevalence 0.11 vs. urban prevalence 0.23, a sample size of 306 is required; 153 for each group; in the urban area we had the availability of 201 children and in the rural area we made 128, which is close to the desired. Therefore we consider that we fulfill the expectation according to the mathematical formula used (chi-squared test comparing two independent proportions).

scholarly journals Changes in Water Quality of the River das Antas as It Passes through Rural and Urban Areas

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Valdemir Antoneli ◽  
Manuel Pulido-Fernández ◽  
João Anésio Bednarz ◽  
Leonardo Brandes ◽  
Michael Vrahnakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
The City

The catchment area of River das Antas (Irati, Paraná, Brazil) is of high importance both for human consumption and irrigation. Within Irati, this river passes through a rural area and through the city of Irati, crossing both poor and rich neighbourhoods. We selected three study areas downstream (a rural area, poor community, and rich neighbourhood) in which we measured turbidity, the concentration of sediments and pH during rainy days. Our results showed downstream trends of increasing turbidity and concentrations of sediments with decreasing pH. The values of turbidity and of concentration of sediments were significantly different in the rural area, while the pH values were significantly different between the three study areas. These findings highlight the effect of agricultural activities in the generation of sediments and turbidity. The—presumably expected—effects of organic urban waste from the poor neighbourhood were also detected in the pH values. We conclude that efforts should be made to ensure that land planning and training/education programmes on sustainable farming practices are undertaken by the authorities to reduce water pollution and its effects on water bodies during rainfall events, since paving streets is not a feasible option in the short term due to the high costs associated with this measure.

Eupatorium triplinerve: a novel candidate for antimicrobial research

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
P Sudha ◽  
A Reni ◽  
L Rajamani ◽  
Kavitha V ◽  
Sasikala P ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Important Group ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The World ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Most of the people in rural and urban areas of the world were dependent onthe medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious diseases. The Ayurvedicand Unani systems of medicines are widely used by the people of Indian subcontinent.Among the different plant derivatives, secondary metabolitesproved to be the most important group of compounds that showed widerange of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Eupatorium triplinerve(Compositae) is a slender herb with narrow lanceolate leaves and large numberof pedicelled flower Ã¢â‚¬Âheads at the top of the branch. Extract of the plantis used as antiseptic, and in the treatment of various ulcers and haemorrhages. This paper reviews the antimicrobial potential of leaf extracts of eupatorium triplinerve.

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