Exit, Voice, and the State

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert O. Hirschman

The possibility and widespread practice of exit, on the part of dissatisfied citizens, has important, though highly diverse, bearings on the formation, solidity, and “quality” of the state. An association exists between the wide availability of exit and the condition of statelessness in a number of aboriginal societies as well as in Rousseau's state of nature. In the 18th century, the exit option—which became available to the wealthy as movable forms of property increased in importance—was hailed by such observers as Montesquieu and Adam Smith as a restraint on arbitrary rule or taxation. Today, on the other hand, such exit (capital flight) tends to render the introduction of needed reforms more difficult. Emigration-exit was benign in its effect on the sending countries in the 19th century and may have been helpful to the process of democratization in Europe. Lately, however, exit has been considered a threat to the existence of the state and has led to strong, though very different, defensive reactions in Ireland and East Germany. The small modern state can fend off excessive exit by providing a variety of public goods to its citizens; one of these public goods is “understood complexity.”

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 135-196
Author(s):  
Piotr Dymmel

Autor zajmuje się planami Lublina, które przedstawiają cały obszar miasta w historycznym rozwoju. Plany Lublina nie tworzą dziś zwartego zbioru zgromadzonego w jednym miejscu. Ze względu na swoje funkcje, czas i okoliczności powstania, a także postać fizyczną są rozproszone zarówno w sensie przestrzennym, jak i instytucjonalnym. Najwięcej zabytków kartograficznych, przedstawiających obszar Lublina, zachowało się w archiwach państwowych w Polsce, z kolei spośród nich największy zbiór posiada Archiwum Państwowe w Lublinie. Sytuacja ta wynika zasadniczo z urzędowego charakteru tych materiałów, które od początku XIX w. były tworzone głównie dla potrzeb władz i urzędów państwowych oraz miejskich w ramach pełnionych przez nie funkcji. Powstawały one przy okazji dokumentowania różnych czynności, związanych m.in. ze zmianami własnościowymi, projektowaniem budowlanym, planowaniem urbanistycznym i zagospodarowaniem przestrzennym. Wiedza na ich temat jest niepełna, co powoduje, że stan rozpoznania i zinwentaryzowania lubelskich planów nie jest jeszcze kompletny. W Archiwum Państwowym w Lublinie jest przechowywanych około 50 planów przedstawiających całą przestrzeń Lublina. Pochodzą one z okresu prawie dwóch stuleci, od końca XVIII do połowy XX w. Plany znajdują się w różnych zespołach archiwalnych, występują w postaci kolekcji tworzonej przez pojedyncze zabytki kartograficzne lub znajdują się w ramach poszczególnych zespołów, jako dokumentacja spraw tworzona w wyniku działalności urzędów. Rozproszenie materiałów kartograficznych powoduje w konsekwencji potrzebę ich rozpoznania i opisania. Zadaniem autora jest wykonanie prac podstawowych związanych z poszukiwaniem i rejestracją oraz analizą i opisem zachowanych zabytków kartograficznych. Historical Maps of Lublin in the Collection of the State Archives in Lublin Part I: the Area of the Entire City The author discusses the maps of Lublin that present the entire area of the city in historical development. Today, the maps of Lublin do not form a coherent collection gathered in one place: on account of their functions, time, and the circumstances of their creation and also of their physical form they are dispersed, both in the spatial and institutional sense. Most of cartographic relics representing the area of Lublin are preserved in the State Archives all over Poland; the greatest collection is in turn stored in the State Archive in Lublin. This situation stems mainly from the official character of these materials which, from the beginning or the 19th century, were created generally for the needs of the authorities and state and city offices as part of their functions. They were created alongside with the documentation of various activities connected with, inter alia, changes of ownerships, construction design, urban planning, and spatial development. The knowledge on their subject is not complete – consequently, the state of identification and inventory of Lublin map is not yet complete. In the State Archive in Lublin about 50 maps representing the entire area of Lublin are stored. They come from the period of almost two centuries, from the late 18th century to the mid-20th century. The maps are kept in various archival fonds, they appear in the form of collections created by single, cartographic pieces or are within particular fonds as the documentation of cases created as a result of the activity of the offices. Consequently, the dispersion of cartographic materials necessitates their identification and description. The author’s task is to carry out the basic work connected with the search, registration, analysis, and description of the preserved cartographic materials.


Author(s):  
Nanditha P C ◽  
Ganesh M A

Welding is a significant industrial application that has been implemented since the early 18th century. The introduction of welding robots in the 19th century resulted in drastic improvements in the field of welding like improving the accuracy of welding, quality of the weld, etc., However, there is no literature which briefs the industry methodology to interface HMI with the industrial robots. In this paper, MOTOMAN AR1440 Industrial Welding Robot is interfaced with the Human Machine Interface (HMI) panel to improve the communication between the machine and the operator. This improves the safety and handling of the robot. The robot trajectory is taught using a teach pendant and the HMI panel is designed to control the robot. The robot and the HMI panel are interfaced via Ethernet communication. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to brief an industry methodology to interface an AR1440 robot with an HMI panel for arc welding application thereby, improving the communication between the machine and the worker.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Natakia S. Kharina ◽  

The study of various aspects of the Russian Orthodox Church history continues to be significant and relevant in modern science. From the second half of 15th – beginning of 16th centuries, we can speak about the emergence of two issues that will become the major touch points of Church and State. The strengthening of the absolute monarchy in the 18th century leads to the emergence of a new bureaucratic system in the state administration. These changes will inevitably affect the Tobolsk Bishop's house, and the conditions which it was placed in after 1764 led to changes in the principles of its organization and a significant restructuring. Therefore, the research objective is to redesign the process of socio-economic, political and cultural development of the Tobolsk Bishop's house in the 19th century. Various types of sources were used for the study: legislative and regulatory acts, published and archived materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Documents of management and record keeping of the Tobolsk Bishop's house occupy a special place, in particular the materials of the General paperwork management of Church institutions: ordinances, regulations, correspondence materials of local ecclesial authorities, reports of Siberian metropolitans to the Synod, etc. The study approach and methodological tools made it possible to achieve the goal and solve the research problems. The study shows that after the reform of 1764, the Tobolsk Bishop's house lost its former land holdings for a certain period, and like other diocesan departments, it was transferred to the state allowance. Diocese abolition to the episcopate, which deprived the former political influence, certainly had negative features. However, in the 19th century, there can be seen a gradual way out of the situation and the former possessions and property return, which to some extent allows to return to the former position of a large feudal lord of Western Siberia.


Early Music ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-223
Author(s):  
Simon D I Fleming

Abstract The quality of the music produced at Britain’s cathedrals during the 18th century has generally been accepted to have been poor, and there has been much written on the reluctance of deans and chapters to invest financially in the choirs. However, an analysis of the music purchased by such groups through subscription paints a very different picture, with some deans and chapters investing heavily in the acquisition of new music for their choir’s use. Ultimately, an analysis of the subscription lists attached to the collections of sacred music does not paint the full picture in regards to the state of sacred music at this time, but it nevertheless indicates that a more nuanced approach is necessary, with several cathedrals, particularly Durham, maintaining significant levels of investment for much of the 18th century.


Author(s):  
Bernat Montoya Rubio

Resumen: La concepción que actualmente tenemos de la Antigüedad greco-romana, como un período con unas características socio-económicas particulares claramente diferenciadas de la Europa moderna, no se deriva únicamente de los datos aportados por las fuentes y de las investigaciones históricas del siglo XIX. Esta interpretación de la Antigüedad se configura durante la segunda mitad del s. XVIII en estrecha relación con los debates sobre la situación política y económica que caracterizan este período. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo la dinámica de estos debates afecta a los cambios en la forma de entender la Antigüedad clásica.Palabras clave: Concepción de la Antigüedad, esclavitud antigua, paradigma del humanismo cívico, Pocock, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Rousseau, MablyAbstract: The current understanding of classical Antiquity, i.e., a period with a number of socio-economical characteristics clearly differentiated from those of Modern Europe, is not solely derived from data provided by Classical texts and the historical research of the 19th century. This interpretation of Antiquity, which appeared during the latter half of the 18th century, bears a close connection to discussions on the political and economic state that characterise the period. The aim of this article is to show the impact of the dynamics of these debates on the changes in the way Classical Antiquity is understood.Key words: Perception of Antiquity, ancient slavery, civic humanist paradigm, Pocock, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Rousseau, Mably  


Author(s):  
Alina Mungiu-Pippidi

In 1999, Evans and Rauch showed a strong association between government effectiveness (quality of government)—particularly the presence of a Weberian-like bureaucracy, selected and promoted on merit alone and largely autonomous from private interests—and economic growth. In 1997 and the aftermath of the Washington Consensus controversial reforms the World Bank promoted this finding in its influential World Development Report 1997 as part of its broader paradigm on “institutional quality.” Twenty years of investment in state capacity followed, by means of foreign assistance supporting the quality of public administration as a prerequisite to development. However, most reviews found the results well under expectations. This is hardly surprising, seeing that Max Weber, credited as the first promoter of the importance of bureaucracy as both the end result and the tool of government rationalization in modern times, never took for granted the autonomy of the state apparatus from private interest. He clearly stated that the power using the apparatus is the one steering the bureaucracy itself. In fact, a review of empirical evidence shows that the quality of public administration is endogenous to the quality of government more broadly and therefore can hardly be a solution in problematic contexts. The autonomy of the state from private interest is one of the most difficult objectives to accomplish in the evolution of a state, and few states have managed in contemporary times to match the achievements of Denmark or Switzerland in the 19th century. Two countries, Estonia and Georgia, are exceptional in this regard, but their success argues for the primacy of politics rather than of administration.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Jan Pacholski

The Prussian Giant Mountains — some remarks about the ideologisation of Silesia’s highest mountains during the flourishing of mass tourismThe author of the article examines the beginnings of the national or, more broadly, state ideologisation of the mountains, using as an example Karkonosze or the Giant Mountains, which undoubtedly come to the fore in the case of the popularisation of mountain tourism. Already in the second half of the 18th century a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence was built on the summit of Śnieżka, becoming straight away a pilgrimage destination and launching tourism in this mountain range. Just as quickly the Giant Mountains were ideologised as border mountains unique in the state to which it partially belonged — the Kingdom of Prussia. Authors describing Silesia’s highest peaks in the Enlightenment period including J.T. Volkmar, J.E. Troschel, E.F. Buquoi and J.Ch.F. GutsMuths did refer to Swiss models, yet they showed the Giant Mountains as the highest range in Silesia and Prussia, stressing the exceptional role and nature of this mountain range. Throughout the 19th century the ideological appropriation of the Sudetes’ highest range continued, acquiring in the early 20th century a virtually grotesque dimension, a manifestation of which was the equation of the Spirit of the Mountains with the ancient pan-Germanic god Wotan, known from old tales and poems and, more recently, from Richard Wagner’s music dramas.


2021 ◽  
pp. 413-426
Author(s):  
K, A. Pavlov ◽  
O. B. Klochkov

The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Jerzy Łojko

Nekrologi klasztorne to cenne źródła historyczne, w których jak w syntezie przedstawione są dzieje niejednego opactwa oraz jego powiązania klientarne i modlitewne. Renesans badań nad tego rodzaju źródłami, inspirowany dokonaniami niemieckiej szkoły prof. Tellebacha oraz pracami edytorskimi „Monumenta Poloniae Historica” (Z. Kozłowska Budkowa, K. Jasiński, K. Maleczyński) oraz nowszymi publikacjami (K. Oliński, K. Witkowski) skłania, by wreszcie zainteresować się licznymi obituarzami powstałymi przeważnie w XVIII stuleciu. Autor powyższego artykułu poddał szczegółowej analizie nekrologi wielkopolskiego klasztoru cysterskiego w Bledzewie (koło Gorzowa Wielkopolskiego) oraz rękopiśmienne księgi profesji, publikowane schematyzmu zakonne, diecezjalne i inne źródła, które zawierają informacje ułatwiające stworzenie komentarza krytycznego oraz umożliwiających wyjaśnienie procesu powstawania nekrologu oraz jego nawarstwiania się. Nekrolog bledzewski ukazuje m.in. powiązania cystersów bledzewskich w ramach przypisanej mu linii filiacyjnej, zakonu w ramach prowincji i państwa. Cenne są wpisy cystersów z niemieckiego opactwa Zinna, którego konwent w części przeniósł się do klasztorów polskich. Interesujące są także związki z bernardynami z Poznania, Sierakowa, Wschowy, karmelitami z Poznania i innymi konwentami. Publikowany tekst ukazuje różnorakie aspekty badawcze związane ze źródłami historycznymi tego typu. On the Cistercian Obituaries from Greater Poland as Sources to Conduct Research on the Composition of Order Bodies at the Turn of the 19th Century Monastic obituaries are a valuable historical source. They almost synthesize the histories of many abbeys, by presenting their clientelism and prayer relations. The revival of the studies on this particular source, inspired by the achievements of the school of professor Tellebach, the editorial work of Monumenra Poloniae Historica (Z. Kozłowska Budkowa, K. Jasiński, K. Maleczyński) and the most recent publications (K. Oliński, K. Witkowski) are an inspiration to finally take interest in numerous obituaries, which, in majority, were written in the 18th century. The author of this article profoundly analyzed the obituaries from the Cistercian monastery in Bledzew (near Gorzów Wielkopolski) and the hand-written books on the profession, published monastic and diocesan schemes, and other resources comprising information which makes it possible to create a critical commentary and to explain the process of creating an obituary and its accumulation. The Bledzew obituary demonstrates e. g. relations between Cistercians in the descendancy line and relations between the order, the province and the state. Entries written by Cistercians from the German abbey, Zinna, whose bodies partially moved to Poland are particularly valuable. Relationship between them and the Order of St. Bernard from Poznań, Sieraków, Wschowa, Poznań Caramelites and other orders are also interesting. This text presents various research aspects related to this particular type of historical resource.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Woodworth ◽  
Glen H. Rowe

Abstract. The main priority of the first of James Cook's famous voyages of discovery was the observation of the transit of Venus at Tahiti. Following that, he was ordered to embark on a search for new lands in the South Pacific Ocean. Cook had instructions to record as many aspects of the environment as possible at each place that he visited, including the character of the tide. This paper makes an assessment of the quality of Cook's tidal observations using modern knowledge of the tide, and with an assumption that no major tidal changes have taken place during the past two and half centuries. We conclude that Cook's tidal measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft (15 cm) in height and 0.5 h in time. Those of his findings which are less consistent with modern insight can be explained by the short stays of the Endeavour at some places. Cook's measurements were good enough (or unique enough) to be included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide tidal atlases. In most cases, they support Cook's reputation as a good observer of the environment.


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