The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-588
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Ion
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Safe Harbor ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

Having examined the question of the casus foederìs of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, we shall now inquire whether the use of Greek territory by the Entente Powers for the purpose of carrying on military and naval operations against their enemies and the other forcible measures resorted to against Greece were justified either by reason of rights resulting from treaties, or on account of unneutral acts or omissions of the Government of Constantine.Before discussing the points at issue, it will be necessary to summarize seriatim the facts connected with each.It should be remembered that from the very beginning of the present war the Entente Powers have utilized the territorial waters of some islands in the Ægean Sea which were either under the military occupation of Greece or form part of her territory, and which the Allies subsequently occupied in order to further their military enterprises against Turkey. Thus, during the autumn of the year 1914, shortly after the entrance (November 5th) of the latter Power into the war as an ally of Germany and Austria, the fleets of the Entente Powers utilized the harbors and territory of some of the islands in the vicinity of the Straits of the Dardanelles as bases for their naval and, subsequently, military operations. The islands thus used for the prosecution of the war were Tenedos, Imbros, and Lemnos, and particularly the latter, on account of its convenient and safe harbor.

The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law Part III

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-337
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Ion
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
Greek Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

The third part of the essay on the Hellenic Crisis, which has happily received a satisfactory solution, will deal with the incidents which are connected with the law of nations and inquire as to how far the European belligerents in their dealings with Greece, and the Greek Government in its relations with them, adhered to the tenets and usages of international law.The points to be here discussed are of a manifold character.First, it will be examined whether the serious charge made by the Entente Powers against Constantine, the ex-King of the Hellenes, that he violated the obligations arising out of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, by which the two states bound themselves to assist each other for the defense of their respective territories in case of attack by a third Power, and particularly by Bulgaria, is well founded according to the letter and spirit of the instrument of alliance.Secondly, whether the military occupation of portions of the territory of the Hellenic Kingdom by both sets of belligerents, the seizure of its war material and other public property, and particularly the coercive measures employed by the Entente Powers against the Government and people of Greece and their forcible intervention in the internal affairs of that country, can be justified either by reason of treaty stipulations or on account of the unneutral conduct of the then King and his government towards the Entente Allies. The first point to be examined is the obligation arising out of the treaty of alliance between Greece and Serbia.

scholarly journals The Difficult alliance. Military cooperation between the ruthenian king Daniel and the Piasts of Mazovia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Michał Skoczyński
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Military Cooperation ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
The Military

Abstract The article presents the military cooperation between the King of Galician-Volhynian Ruthenia, Daniel Romanowicz, and the Dukes of Mazovia, Konrad and his son Siemowit. The alliance, based as a counterweight for the cooperation between the King of Hungary and the Piast princes of Lesser Poland, who were trying to conquer Ruthenia and dominate all Piast principalities in then fragmented Poland. It lasted for several decades from the 1220’s to the 1260’s and was primarly aimed at mutual protection against the invasions of the pagan Yotvingians and supporting each other in armed conflicts. The text contains an analysis of war expeditions, tactics and ways of support that were given by both sides of the allianace. It is a new point of view on this aspect of political strategy of both sides that in some ways defined the regional situation. Ruthenians granted masovian Piasts some mobile and political uncommited support in fight with their relatives in Poland, and also secured their border with the Yotvingians. On the other hand, masovian knights were an additional strike force in ruthenian plundering expeditions to Yotvingia. The research was based on the analysis of preserved historical sources and scientific literature using historical methodology.

scholarly journals Applicability of Artificial Intelligence in Decision-Making for Land Forces

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 039-054
Author(s):  
Paul Tudorache
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
The Other ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Military

Similar to other fields, also in the military one, the Artificial Intelligence has become recently an evident solution for optimizing specific processes and activities. Therefore, this research paper aims to highlight the potential uses of Artificial Intelligence in the military operations carried out by the Land Forces. In this regard, analysing the framework of the operations process and applying suitable research methodology, the main findings are related to AI’s contributions in optimizing commander’s decisions during the progress of planning and execution. On the other hand, picturing the AI upgrated combat power of the Land Forces is another significant result of this study.

Switching costs impact on customer retention in telecommunication

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Thoumy ◽  
Elie Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Switching Costs ◽  
Customer Retention ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Telecommunication Industry ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
Telecommunication Market ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
Number Portability ◽  
The Government

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to assess the switching costs impact on the customer retention in the Lebanese telecommunication industry. Design/methodology/approach: Based on previous literature around customer retention and switching costs, a qualitative survey was conducted on one of the two operators managing the telecommunication market in Lebanon. Focus groups were organized to capture the point of view and perspective of top managers of the operator, results were then coded, and analyzed. Findings: Due to the current duopoly and status quo of the Lebanese telecommunication market, owned completely by the government and managed by two operators sharing the market equally and offering nearly the same portfolio, technologies and network coverage, the switching costs include only the time and effort needed to switch to the other operator, the financial fees to be paid upon buying a new subscription, the attachment to mobile number, and the relational loss from breaking bond with the current provider. Research limitations/implications: Focus group sessions were conducted with managers of one of the two telecom operators in Lebanon, and it might be relevant to interview the managers of the other operator as well. This topic was tackled from the provider’s point of view; it would be interesting to check the customers’ point of view. Practical implications: Managers in the Lebanese telecommunication industry can prepare marketing strategies including customer retention programs and well-designed switching costs to protect and increase their market share once this sector induces more competition either with the introduction of the number portability service or with the privatization of this sector in Lebanon. Originality/value: The customer retention and switching costs constructs are not yet studied in the Lebanese telecommunication market, and also due to the saturation in this industry, customer retention is becoming an imperative topic to all operators in this business.

Increased Complexity in Programs

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-117
Keyword(s):  
Government Agency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

The chapter discusses the issue of complexity in R&D support programs. The reasons for the complexity, the difference in the point of view of the government agency and the other players. With time and better understanding of the different needs of different sectors, different players – the programs tend to grow more complex. Due to different reasons such as: sectorial versus technological pressures, trying to do several things with one program, the need for different tools, the lack of other means trap – not all needs must be answered by a single program.

Basic U. S. Sources For Current Research In International Law: An Elementary Vade-Mecum

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolf Sprudzs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
The U.S

Among the many old and new actors on the international stage of nations the United States is one of the most active and most important. The U.S. is a member of most existing intergovernmental organizations, participates in hundreds upon hundreds of international conferences and meetings every year and, in conducting her bilateral and multilateral relations with the other members of the community of nations, contributes very substantially to the development of contemporary international law. The Government of the United States has a policy of promptly informing the public about developments in its relations with other countries through a number of documentary publication, issued by the Department of State

Some Questions of International Law in the European War

1915 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-86 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The One

The invasion by German troops of the territories of Belgium and Luxemburg and the occupation by Japanese troops of Chinese territory to facilitate their attack upon the German forces at Kaio-Chau have raised one of the most fundamental questions of international law, namely, under what circumstances, if any, is a belligerent justified in violating the territory of a neutral for the purpose of prosecuting his military operations against the enemy. The German and Japanese offenses differ somewhat because in the one case the neutrality of the violated territory had been guaranteed by a special convention of long standing to which the violating belligerent was himself a party; in the other case the neutrality of the violated territory, although protected by a long established rule of international law, as well as by one of the Hague conventions, had not been made the subject of a special and solemn guarantee by a group of Powers. This fact, together with other circumstances, places the two acts upon a different moral if not a different legal footing.

XXVII.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904: Cambrian Organic Remains from a Dredging in the Weddell Sea

1921 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cambrian ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
The Family ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Organic Remains

From a biological point of view considerable interest must always attend any investigation of the earliest known organisms, and, although we may legitimately infer that a flora and fauna existed prior to Cambrian times, the organisms preserved for us in rocks of that age constitute, at present, the first chapter of palæontological history. For this reason alone the Archæocyathinæ are important, since they form part of the Lower Cambrian fauna. When, however, we consider that the genera included in the group are very distinct from one another (indicating that the family was probably of considerable antiquity even in those early times), that the types have, as far as we know, a wide geographical distribution, and that to certain skeletal characters usually associated with the Porifera they unite others more common among the Cœlenterata, interest is still further stimulated. On the other hand, although recorded in great abundance from several widely separated localities, they are not, as a rule, common fossils in Cambrian strata, and consequently the group has not received much attention.

scholarly journals URGENSI PENETAPAN KRITERIA FAKIR MISKIN BAGI PENYALURAN ZAKAT DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Kuntarno Noor Aflah
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Literacy Research

Poverty has many definitions, parameters, and standards. From the viewpoint of Islam, many theologians define and measure poverty by various terms and sizes. The difference among theologians’ opinion is caused by poverty terms contained in the Qur’an and Hadits. “Fakir” and “poor” have many meanings. It allows a wide interpretation of the verse and word from theologians. It is also seen from the regulation point in Indonesia, there are many definitions, standards and parameters of poverty. The difference of point of view on determination of poverty criteria and regulations according to Islam in Indonesia shows that the ways of ijtihad by theologians and the government elements is very open. The absence of standard stipulation held, encouraging the writer to conduct a comparative research in this paper; through literacy research. Syafi’i sect does not specify a quantitative standard for poverty. Poverty is only categorized on requirement. As long as people are not able to cover 50% of their basic needs, they are called as fakir. If people are only able to cover close to 70% of their basic needs then they are categorized as poor. Meanwhile, according to Hanafi sect, the qualitative standards turned to the Syafi’i sect. Poor conditions are more severe than the fakir. Besides,the quantitative standard of poverty is one nisab of zakat or the equivalent of 85 grams of gold. On the other hand, BPS and BKKBN formulate the concept and standard of poverty by economic concepts. Poverty is conceptualized as the inability of someone to meet basic consumption needs of the formulation adapted to local conditions respectively.

scholarly journals UŻYWANIE DRONÓW W CELU ZWALCZANIA TERRORYZMU ŚWIETLE ‘IUS AD BELLUM’

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kułaga
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Military ◽  
Self Defence

The Use of Drones in Combating International Terrorism from the Perspective of ‘ius ad bellum’Summary The increasing practice of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (military UAVs, commonly known as drones) by some countries to eliminate suspected terrorists raises a number of controversies from the perspective of international law. These controversies are also related to the specific features of military UAVs, which make it possible to kill targeted individuals without risk to the military personnel of the country concerned, and thereby may encourage the abusive interpretation of the applicable legal regulations. This article discusses these issues from the perspective of ius ad bellum, in particular the right to self-defence. It shows the main controversial points on the scope of invoking the right to self-defence in such cases, in particular the possibility of invoking the right to self-defence in response to an attack by a non-state entity, the question of pre-emptive self-defence, the importance of the severity of the force used as a condition allowing for the use of force in self-defence, and the relevance of the principles of proportionality and necessity. The article also presents an outline of the vast and highly controversial issues associated with the definition of terrorism from the point of view of international law.

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