The Interpretation of Multilateral Treaties

1929 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quincy Wright
Keyword(s):  
Made In ◽  
As If ◽  
Multilateral Treaties

Numerous interpretative notes were exchanged by the Powers prior to signature of the General Pact for the Renunciation of War on August 27, 1928. Secretary Kellogg was reported to have said on August 8 that these interpretations “are in no way a part of the pact and can not be considered reservations. The interpretations will not be deposited with the text of the treaty.” It has, however, been asserted that “the interpretations and declarations, made in the diplomatic correspondence before the signature of the treaty, and either agreed to or not dissented from, are just as binding and just as much within the meaning of the treaty as if they were written into the treaty text.” This obviously denies any importance to the distinction between interpretative notes and reservations implied in Secretary Kellogg’s statement.

scholarly journals Introduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
Mirjam de Bruijn ◽  
Jonna Both
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The enduring experience of hardship, in the form of layers of various crises, can become deeply ingrained in a society, and people can come to act and react under these conditions as if they lead a normal life. This process is explored through the analytical concept of duress, which contains three elements: enduring and accumulating layers of hardship over time, the normalization of this hardship, and a form of deeply constrained agency. We argue that decisions made in duress have a significant impact on the social and political structures of society. This concept of duress is used as a lens to understand the lives of individual people and societies in Central and West Africa that have a long history of ecological, political, and social conflicts and crises.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE ELECTRIFICATION AND THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH COLLODION MEMBRANES

1919 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Bivalent Cation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Pure Solvent ◽  
Force Finding ◽  
Tentative Explanation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

1. When pure water is separated by a collodion membrane from a watery solution of an electrolyte the rate of diffusion of water is influenced not only by the forces of gas pressure but also by electrical forces. 2. Water is in this case attracted by the solute as if the molecules of water were charged electrically, the sign of the charge of the water particles as well as the strength of the attractive force finding expression in the following two rules, (a) Solutions of neutral salts possessing a univalent or bivalent cation influence the rate of diffusion of water through a collodion membrane, as if the water particles were charged positively and were attracted by the anion and repelled by the cation of the electrolyte; the attractive and repulsive action increasing with the number of charges of the ion and diminishing inversely with a quantity which we will designate arbitrarily as the "radius" of the ion. The same rule applies to solutions of alkalies. (b) Solutions of neutral or acid salts possessing a trivalent or tetravalent cation influence the rate of diffusion of water through a collodion membrane as if the particles of water were charged negatively and were attracted by the cation and repelled by the anion of the electrolyte. Solutions of acids obey the same rule, the high electrostatic effect of the hydrogen ion being probably due to its small "ionic radius." 3. The correctness of the assumption made in these rules concerning the sign of the charge of the water particles is proved by experiments on electrical osmose. 4. A method is given by which the strength of the attractive electric force of electrolytes on the molecules of water can be roughly estimated and the results of these measurements are in agreement with the two rules. 5. The electric attraction of water caused by the electrolyte increases with an increase in the concentration of the electrolyte, but at low concentrations more rapidly than at high concentrations. A tentative explanation for this phenomenon is offered. 6. The rate of diffusion of an electrolyte from a solution to pure solvent through a collodion membrane seems to obey largely the kinetic theory inasmuch as the number of molecules of solute diffusing through the unit of area of the membrane in unit time is (as long as the concentration is not too low) approximately proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte and is the same for the same concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2.

Seeming, Observing and Observance

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Llewelyn
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Human Science ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Strategic Design ◽  
Poetic Prose ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

Literature is a treasury of likenesses and unlikenesses. Much is to be learned about the various ways ‘like’ and ‘as’ function from a comparison of how the kestrel is ‘worded’ by Hopkins and how the peregrine is addressed by John Alec Baker. Hopkins writes predominantly as a poet preoccupied with peculiarities or what I call ‘quaints’. Although much of the log of Baker’s observations of the peregrine is written in poetic prose out of love for the bird, much of it is driven by a concern for the increase of scientific knowledge. This difference is marked by the distinction between ‘as if’ and ‘if then’. That is to say, the appeal to Baker in this chapter facilitates an overview of the strategic design of the book as a whole. Located at the beginning of the book’s second part, this chapter heralds a turn toward the application to natural and human science of the logical and ontological lessons learned in the book’s first part. This emphasis on the scientific leads Baker’s readers to notice that allusions to the Creator are almost totally absent from The Peregrine, whereas Hopkins’ ‘The Windhover’ is dedicated ‘To Christ our Lord’. Hopkins’ observations are made in praise of the Creator. Baker’s are made in service to science. Together they announce the hope that adherence to an institutional religion is not a necessary condition of anyone’s finding the reading of Hopkins and (may I say?) this study a rewarding experience. But the field of institutional religions is not the same as that of the religious.

Preliminary Sketch in Greek Vase-Painting

1965 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 16-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Exact Nature ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
Blunt Tool ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The use of preliminary sketch in Attic red-figure is so widespread and so familiar that even in a detailed publication its presence often passes unmentioned, yet illustrations of it are not always easy to find. It may therefore be helpful to bring together some examples on which the sketch-work is of particular interest and at the same time to include instances of what is basically the same procedure, but applied to other techniques of vase-painting.As is well known, the sketch is composed of shallow grooves made in the surface of the clay before firing; the lines are most obvious in the reserved areas, but it can sometimes be seen that they extend into the black background, and when they do, the shininess of the black in the grooves shows clearly that they were made before the black was applied. The exact nature of the instrument with which the sketch was drawn is not known; the grooves generally look as if they had been made with a small, blunt tool, though whether it was wood or metal or some other material cannot be determined. Each artist no doubt had his own favourite implement, but it is worth noting that occasionally, and above all on Apulian red-figure, the sketch-lines are narrow slits cut into the clay; this kind of line, at least, must have been made with something sharp, presumably a metal graver. The amount of detail in the sketch varies from man to man, and there may even be differences between works that can be attributed to the same hand, or between the two sides of the same pot. Sometimes the artist does no more than block out the general masses and arrangement of the figures; on other vases the preliminary work is very exact and on occasion may be more detailed than the final drawing.

Cleon and Pericles: a Suggestion

1982 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 203-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Cairns
Keyword(s):  
At Iii ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The three ‘notorious echoes between Kleon and Perikles’ in Thucydides all go back to Pericles' last speech made in 430 BC (Thucydides ii 60.1–64.5). The concepts and language of two successive Periclean statements from ii 63.2, viz.ἦς οὐδ᾿ ἐκστῆναι ἔτι ὑμῖν ἔστιν εἴ τις καὶ τόδε ἐν τῷ παρόντι δεδιώς ἀπραγμοσύνῃ ἀπραγμοσύνῃ ἀνδραγαθίζεται ὡς τυραννίδα γὰρ ἤδη ἔχετε αὐτήν ἤν λαβεῖν μὲν ἄδικον δοκεῖ εἶναι ἀφεῖναι δ᾿ ἐπικίνδυνον(on the relationship between action and virtue and on the Athenian empire as a tyranny) reappear in two statements by Cleon at iii 40.4 and iii 37.2 respectively. Even more striking–at least on the surface–is the claim of both men to consistency. In ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ὁ αὐτός εἰμι τῇ γνώμῃ Cleon virtually repeats at iii 38.1 Pericles' καὶ ἐγὼ μὲν ὁ αὐτός εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἐξίσταμαι (ii 61.2). As if to confirm that the echoes are not accidental, Cleon's words all belong (like those of Pericles) to a single speech–that made by him during the 'Mytilcnean debate' of 427 BC.

Return of the ‘exer ex-Ministers’: The Opposition front bench, December 1923–November 1924

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 241-261 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Party ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Electoral Defeat ◽  
Club Meeting ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

At the Carlton Club meeting in October 1922 Balfour had reflected caustically that while ‘it has never been a Conservative principle to abandon a Leader … I concede it has sometimes been a Conservative practice’. At this meeting, the Conservative Party had abandoned Austen Chamberlain. A little over a year later it appeared as if a similar fate would befall his principal successor. Amid the ruins of Law's victory for ‘Tranquillity’ many observers subscribed to Hanky's view that ‘Baldwin, though a nice fellow is not the stuff of which British Prime Ministers are made’. In the immediate aftermath of this disaster, most also assumed he would be compelled to pay the ultimate price for this inadequacy. Certainly Birhenhead was one of them. Electoral defeat was a vindication of all that he had predicted since the fall of the Coalition. Rejoicing that it had finally ‘put an end to the idea that fifth rate intelligence could govern the Empire’, Birkenhead set in motion the final act in a strategy to which he had committed the Chamberlainites in November 1922. Between 6 and 10 December rumours abounded that the former Conservative Coalitionists were about to displace Baldwin, replace him variously with Balfour, Derby or Chamberlain and then form some sort of Liberal-Conservative combination to exclude Labour from office. In the event, the plan miscarried. The apparent recrudescence of the ‘old intrigue’ rallied the victors of the Carlton Club to defend the Party, their brand of Conservatism and, by necessity, its leader from coalitionist conspiracy. Virtually overnight, Baldwin was transformed from the wanton destroyer of Law's majority into the guarantor of Conservative principle. As Amery told Baldwin, ‘you embody and personify the decision of the Party to live its own life and have its own constructive policy’. Ultimately, therefore, despite much Conservative anger, frustration and despair at Baldwin's perceived folly, the impulse which brought about the coalescence of figures as diverse as the Cecils, Younger, Strachey, Gretton and the ministerial beneficiaries of the Carlton Club was the consensus that they were ‘not prepared to cut off Baldwin's head and make Austen Chamberlain King’. They were even less inclined to install Birkenhead as Regent.

scholarly journals KESENJANGAN GENDER DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mutmainnah Mutmainnah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The terms gender and sex are often overlapped. The term sex in our society is often used in a dual sense. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of gender disparities is due to the variety of interpretations of the definition of gender itself. Often gender is equated with sex (sex), and the division of roles and responsibilities of each has been made in such a way and passed from year to year even from century to century, even the role of gender by society is then believed as if it was God's nature.

Reservations to Multilateral Treaties Made in the Act of Ratification or Adherence

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Sanders
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Pan American ◽  
American Union ◽  
Procedural Aspect ◽  
Made In ◽  
Multilateral Treaties

The question of the admissibility of reservations to multilateral treaties continues to present problems of great theoretical and practical interest. In particular, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding the procedure which should be followed where a signatory or adhering state desires to formulate reservations in the act of ratification or adherence. This question is of special interest to international organizations such as the Pan American Union and the League of Nations. As depositaries of treaties and of instruments of ratification and adherence, the procedural aspect of this problem is a matter of every day concern.

scholarly journals المعاقبة النحوية وتطبيقاتها الدلالية: معاقبة الأفعال أنموذجاً (The Grammatical Alternation and Its Semantic Applications: The Alternation of Verbs as A model)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
أحمد محمد عطوف الديرشوي ◽  
عبد الوهاب زكريا ◽  
أدهم حموية
Keyword(s):  
Transitive Verb ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semantic Difference ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة المعاقبة في الدرس النحوي والتعريف بمفهومها وبيان وسائلها، وخصائصها النحوية وتحليل أمثلتها الواردة في كتب النحاة دلالياً، وتأتي أهمّيّة هذه الظاهرة من حيث إنّ قِدمَها قِدَمُ اللغة، وهي ظاهرة سادت لغة بعض القبائل العربيّة التي احتجّ بها النحويون، وهذه الظاهرة توضّح الفرق الدلالي بين الكلمات، مثلاً: ريّا وروّى؛ فالأولى صفة والثانية اسم؛ لذا فهذه الظاهرة لم تكن اعتباطًا بل كانت مقصودة لبيان دلالات الكلمات فضلاً عن أهمّيّة هذه الظاهرة صوتيًّا، ويستخدم البحث المنهجين الوصفي والتحليلي وذلك من خلال جمع المعلومات اللازمة حول الدراسة من تعريفات وشروح متعلّقة بها، وتحليلها تحليلاً دلالياً للوصول إلى النتائج، ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث: أنّ الفعل اللازم قد يرد بمعنى فعل آخر متعد عن طريق التضمين، فيعمل عمل ذلك الفعل، فينصب المفعول به. وأنّ العرب قد استخدمت الفعل الماضي بمعنى المضارع، فيجيء بلفظ الماضي والمعنى بلفظ المضارع، وذلك أنّه أراد الاحتياط للمعنى، فجاء بمعنى المضارع المشكوك في وقوعه بلفظ الماضي المقطوع بكونه، حتى كأن هذا قد وقع واستقر لأنّه متوقع مترقب. الكلمات المفتاحية: المعاقبة النحوية، الدلالة، الأفعال. Abstract This research aims to study the alternation in the grammatical lesson, define its concept, explain its means, and grammatical characteristics, and analyze its examples in the grammarians’ books semanticly. The semantic difference between the words, for example: raya and rawa; The first is an adjective and the second is a noun. Therefore, this phenomenon was not arbitrary, but rather was intended to show the semantics of the words as well as the importance of this phenomenon phonetically. To it search: that the necessary verb may be received: The imperative verb may be received in the sense of another transitive verb by means of an inclusion, so the action of that verb works, and the object is made in it. And that the Arabs have used the past verb in the sense of the present, so he comes with the wording of the past and the meaning with the wording of the present, and that is because he wanted to be cautious of the meaning, so he came with the meaning of the present whose occurrence is doubtful with the wording of the past that is cut off from being, even as if this had occurred and settled because it is expected and awaited. Keywords: Grammatical Alternation, Semantics, Verbs.

Flight Research at High Subsonic Speeds

1948 ◽  
Vol 52 (452) ◽  
pp. 483-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Incompressible Fluid ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Incompressible Fluids ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
The Past ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

Until about ten years ago the highest speeds achieved by aircraft, even in dives, rarely exceeded half the speed of sound. Under these conditions the air round the aircraft behaved very much as if it were incompressible, and the forces acting on the aircraft could be derived on the basis of laws governing the aerodynamics of incompressible fluids.During the 1939-45 War great advances were made in the performance of aircraft and eventually speeds of over three-quarters of the speed of sound were being reached, even in level flight. At these speeds the air no longer behaves as an incompressible fluid; the aerodynamic laws involved become much more complicated and the aircraft designer is faced with a mass of new problems, involving many strange and unexpected effects.The purpose of this lecture is to discuss the contribution which research in flight can make towards the elucidation of these problems, with special reference to work done at the Royal Aircraft Establishment during the past few years.

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