scholarly journals المعاقبة النحوية وتطبيقاتها الدلالية: معاقبة الأفعال أنموذجاً (The Grammatical Alternation and Its Semantic Applications: The Alternation of Verbs as A model)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
أحمد محمد عطوف الديرشوي ◽  
عبد الوهاب زكريا ◽  
أدهم حموية
Keyword(s):  
Transitive Verb ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semantic Difference ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة المعاقبة في الدرس النحوي والتعريف بمفهومها وبيان وسائلها، وخصائصها النحوية وتحليل أمثلتها الواردة في كتب النحاة دلالياً، وتأتي أهمّيّة هذه الظاهرة من حيث إنّ قِدمَها قِدَمُ اللغة، وهي ظاهرة سادت لغة بعض القبائل العربيّة التي احتجّ بها النحويون، وهذه الظاهرة توضّح الفرق الدلالي بين الكلمات، مثلاً: ريّا وروّى؛ فالأولى صفة والثانية اسم؛ لذا فهذه الظاهرة لم تكن اعتباطًا بل كانت مقصودة لبيان دلالات الكلمات فضلاً عن أهمّيّة هذه الظاهرة صوتيًّا، ويستخدم البحث المنهجين الوصفي والتحليلي وذلك من خلال جمع المعلومات اللازمة حول الدراسة من تعريفات وشروح متعلّقة بها، وتحليلها تحليلاً دلالياً للوصول إلى النتائج، ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث: أنّ الفعل اللازم قد يرد بمعنى فعل آخر متعد عن طريق التضمين، فيعمل عمل ذلك الفعل، فينصب المفعول به. وأنّ العرب قد استخدمت الفعل الماضي بمعنى المضارع، فيجيء بلفظ الماضي والمعنى بلفظ المضارع، وذلك أنّه أراد الاحتياط للمعنى، فجاء بمعنى المضارع المشكوك في وقوعه بلفظ الماضي المقطوع بكونه، حتى كأن هذا قد وقع واستقر لأنّه متوقع مترقب. الكلمات المفتاحية: المعاقبة النحوية، الدلالة، الأفعال. Abstract This research aims to study the alternation in the grammatical lesson, define its concept, explain its means, and grammatical characteristics, and analyze its examples in the grammarians’ books semanticly. The semantic difference between the words, for example: raya and rawa; The first is an adjective and the second is a noun. Therefore, this phenomenon was not arbitrary, but rather was intended to show the semantics of the words as well as the importance of this phenomenon phonetically. To it search: that the necessary verb may be received: The imperative verb may be received in the sense of another transitive verb by means of an inclusion, so the action of that verb works, and the object is made in it. And that the Arabs have used the past verb in the sense of the present, so he comes with the wording of the past and the meaning with the wording of the present, and that is because he wanted to be cautious of the meaning, so he came with the meaning of the present whose occurrence is doubtful with the wording of the past that is cut off from being, even as if this had occurred and settled because it is expected and awaited. Keywords: Grammatical Alternation, Semantics, Verbs.

Flight Research at High Subsonic Speeds

1948 ◽  
Vol 52 (452) ◽  
pp. 483-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Incompressible Fluid ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Incompressible Fluids ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
The Past ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

Until about ten years ago the highest speeds achieved by aircraft, even in dives, rarely exceeded half the speed of sound. Under these conditions the air round the aircraft behaved very much as if it were incompressible, and the forces acting on the aircraft could be derived on the basis of laws governing the aerodynamics of incompressible fluids.During the 1939-45 War great advances were made in the performance of aircraft and eventually speeds of over three-quarters of the speed of sound were being reached, even in level flight. At these speeds the air no longer behaves as an incompressible fluid; the aerodynamic laws involved become much more complicated and the aircraft designer is faced with a mass of new problems, involving many strange and unexpected effects.The purpose of this lecture is to discuss the contribution which research in flight can make towards the elucidation of these problems, with special reference to work done at the Royal Aircraft Establishment during the past few years.

An experiment in space and time: Remaking the missing Doctor Who episode ‘Mission to the Unknown’

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-333
Author(s):  
Philip Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Doctor Who ◽  
The Past ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

In the 1960s, the majority of Doctor Who (1963–89, 1996, 2005–present) episodes were wiped or lost. Students and staff at the University of Central Lancashire recently took on the challenge of remaking the missing Doctor Who episode ‘Mission to the Unknown’ (1965). The goal was to faithfully recreate the episode in a way that lays a claim to authenticity. This article examines the process and product and asks, with reference to television historiography, whether it achieves its goal of authenticity and what ‘authenticity’ might mean in this context. Ellis and others discuss the estrangement felt when viewing television from earlier decades. This article discusses the ‘feedback loop’ involved in knowing that the episode was made recently whilst assessing it as if it had been made in the past. The estrangement the viewer feels is therefore a sign that the episode is succeeding in its task of staying authentic to its era. But is it possible to completely abandon the knowledge of its contemporary production and lose oneself to the experience of viewing?

South Asian Developmental Crisis (Review Article)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Integrated Theory ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

Like nations and civilizations, sciences also pass through period of crises when established theories are overthrown by the unpredictable behaviour of events. Economics is passing through such a crisis. The challenge thrown by the Great Depression of early 1930s took a decade before Keynes re-established the supremacy of economics. But this supremacy has again been upset by the crisis of poverty in the vast under-developed world which attained political independence after the Second World War. Poverty had always existed but never before had it been of such concern to economists as during the past twenty five years or so. Economic literature dealing with this problem has piled up but so have the agonies of poverty. No plausible and well-integrated theory of economic development or under-development has emerged so far, though brilliant advances have been made in isolated directions.

Mass Spectrometry Techniques: Principles and Practices for Quantitative Proteomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocco J. Rotello ◽  
Timothy D. Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Quantitative Proteomics ◽  
Protein Identification ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Made In

: In the current omics-age of research, major developments have been made in technologies that attempt to survey the entire repertoire of genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites present within a cell. While genomics has led to a dramatic increase in our understanding of such things as disease morphology and how organisms respond to medications, it is critical to obtain information at the proteome level since proteins carry out most of the functions within the cell. The primary tool for obtaining proteome-wide information on proteins within the cell is mass spectrometry (MS). While it has historically been associated with the protein identification, developments over the past couple of decades have made MS a robust technology for protein quantitation as well. Identifying quantitative changes in proteomes is complicated by its dynamic nature and the inability of any technique to guarantee complete coverage of every protein within a proteome sample. Fortunately, the combined development of sample preparation and MS methods have made it capable to quantitatively compare many thousands of proteins obtained from cells and organisms.

Evidence-based Assessment

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-98
Author(s):  
John Hunsley ◽  
Eric J. Mash
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.

The Role of Histones and Heparin in Sepsis: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 088506662199232
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Zhang ◽  
Xin Li
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Extracellular Histones ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
Made In

Septic shock with multiple organ failure is a devastating situation in clinical settings. Through the past decades, much progress has been made in the management of sepsis and its underlying pathogenesis, but a highly effective therapeutic has not been developed. Recently, macromolecules such as histones have been targeted in the treatment of sepsis. Histones primarily function as chromosomal organizers to pack DNA and regulate its transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. However, a growing body of research has shown that histone family members can also exert cellular toxicity once they relocate from the nucleus into the extracellular space. Heparin, a commonly used anti-coagulant, has been shown to possess life-saving capabilities for septic patients, but the potential interplay between heparin and extracellular histones has not been investigated. In this review, we summarize the pathogenic roles of extracellular histones and the therapeutic roles of heparin in the development and management of sepsis and septic shock.

Some Experiments on the Extra-Corporeal Hatching of the Eggs of Ascaris suum

1939 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Very Old ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pancreatic Fluid ◽  
Sand Cultures ◽  
Made In

Numerous attempts have been made in the past to induce the eggs of Ascaris suum to hatch outside the body of the host. Extra-corporeal hatching has been observed under a variety of conditions by different workers. Kondo (1920, 1922), Asada (1921) and others record hatching in water, charcoal and sand cultures. Wharton (1915) states that hatching will occur in alkaline digestive juices, while Martin (1913) records a similar phenomenon in pancreatic fluid. Many different explanations have been offered to explain this hatching. Wharton suggested that the interaction of algae and sand might have some effect. Ohba (1923), who found that hatching would occur in 0·2% hydrochloric acid and 0·2% sodium carbonate believed that extra-corporeal hatching was limited to very old cultures of eggs. Many workers are of the opinion that some stimulus normally present in the digestive tract is necessary for hatching.

scholarly journals Through what mechanisms do protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1681) ◽  
pp. 20140267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ferraro ◽  
Merlin M. Hanauer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

To develop effective protected area policies, scholars and practitioners must better understand the mechanisms through which protected areas affect social and environmental outcomes. With strong evidence about mechanisms, the key elements of success can be strengthened, and the key elements of failure can be eliminated or repaired. Unfortunately, empirical evidence about these mechanisms is limited, and little guidance for quantifying them exists. This essay assesses what mechanisms have been hypothesized, what empirical evidence exists for their relative contributions and what advances have been made in the past decade for estimating mechanism causal effects from non-experimental data. The essay concludes with a proposed agenda for building an evidence base about protected area mechanisms.

Formation, translocation and resolution of Holliday junctions during homologous genetic recombination

1995 ◽  
Vol 347 (1319) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Holliday Junctions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endonucleolytic Cleavage ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Over the past three or four years, great strides have been made in our understanding of the proteins involved in recombination and the mechanisms by which recombinant molecules are formed. This review summarizes our current understanding of the process by focusing on recent studies of proteins involved in the later steps of recombination in bacteria. In particular, biochemical investigation of the in vitro properties of the E. coli RuvA, RuvB and RuvC proteins have provided our first insight into the novel molecular mechanisms by which Holliday junctions are moved along DNA and then resolved by endonucleolytic cleavage.

A Progress Report on the Quest to Establish a Cybersickness Dose Value

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (26) ◽  
pp. 2119-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
S.L. Yuen ◽  
R.H.Y. So
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Current Effort ◽  
British Standard ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frequency Weighting ◽  
Made In

This paper summarizes the progress made in the quest to establish a Cybersickness Dose Value (CSDV). The Motion Sickness Dose Value (MSDV), reported in the British Standard BS6841, has been used to predict the severity of seasickness since 1987. In 1999, the authors of this paper proposed a CSDV formulation with a structure similar to that of the MSDV (So, 1999). Since then, several experiments and simulation studies have been conducted to modify and develop the proposed CSDV formula. In particular, progress has been made in (i) the methods to measure CSDV, (ii) the determination of a frequency weighting curve to equalize the non-linear relationship between the navigation velocity and levels of cybersickness, and (iii) the detailed formulation of CSDV. This paper summarizes the past progress and reports on the current effort in developing a CSDV.

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