Animal Bones from Caves to Cities: Reverse Utility Curves as Methodological Artifacts

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis W. Marean ◽  
Carol J. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Element Abundance ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Skeletal Element ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Animal Bones

Utility-based studies are attractive to zooarchaeologists because they afford the opportunity of investigating economic decisions relative to particular contexts. While a positive relationship between utility and skeletal element abundance is anticipated at residential sites, a reverse utility curve is most common. A popular mechanistic explanation argues that reverse utility curves result from density-mediated destruction of bone, suggesting that utility-based studies will rarely be successful as density-mediated destruction will overwhelm any skeletal element patterning created by differential transport. We show with archaeological and experimental/naturalistic taphonomic data that the mechanistic explanation is overstated. Fauna from Kobeh cave (a Mousterian site) and "Ain Dara (an Iron Age site) both show a reverse utility pattern when estimates of long bone abundance are based just on ends (the procedure followed at all sites that have shown a reverse utility pattern), and all bones are plotted together. When long bone abundance is estimated from the middle shaft portion, the reverse utility pattern collapses and a positive relationship arises. The ubiquity of the reverse utility curve derives in many cases from basing long bone abundance estimates on ends and scatter-plotting the abundance of long bones with non-long bones, thus restricting the analysis to the least dense most spongy bone portions. Long bone abundance estimates must include the middle shaft portion to attain accurate estimates of element abundance. Long bone abundance, when based on shaft portions, can be usefully compared to utility to investigate utility-based models of human behavior.

scholarly journals Collagen heterogeneity within different growth regions of long bones of rachitic and nonrachitic chicks

1972 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan P. Toole ◽  
Andrew H. Kang ◽  
Robert L. Trelstad ◽  
Jerome Gross
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Collagen Structure ◽  
Collagen Molecules ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Chain Type

The different anatomical regions involved in osteogenesis in the chick long bone have been examined for heterogeneities in collagen structure that might relate to the mechanism of ossification. Experimentally induced lathyrism was employed to enhance collagen solubility, and vitamin D deficiency to allow accumulation of osteoid, the precursor of bone matrix. The extractable lathyritic collagens of the cartilaginous and osseous regions of growing long bones from rachitic and non-rachitic chicks were examined for α-chain type and amino acid composition. In both groups of animals the growth plate and cartilaginous regions of the epiphysis gave collagen molecules of the constitution [α1(II)]3, whereas the ossifying regions contained [α1(I)]2 α2. The degree of hydroxylation of the lysine moieties was increased by approximately 50% in the α1(I)-chain and α2-chain of rachitic bone collagen. Since uncalcified osteoid is greatly enriched in rachitic bone, it is concluded that the collagen of osteoid has the configuration [α1(I)]2 α2, similar to that of bone matrix, but has an elevated hydroxylysine content. The possible relationship of this difference to the mechanism of calcification is discussed.

Longitudinal bone growth in vitro: effects of insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 602-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. A. Scheven ◽  
Nicola J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I

Abstract. Longitudinal growth was studied using an in vitro model system of intact rat long bones. Metatarsal bones from 18- and 19-day-old rat fetuses, entirely (18 days) or mainly (19 days) composed of chondrocytes, showed a steady rate of growth and radiolabelled thymidine incorporation for at least 7 days in serum-free media. Addition of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I to the culture media resulted in a direct stimulation of the longitudinal growth. Recombinant human growth hormone was also able to stimulate bone growth, although this was generally accomplished after a time lag of more than 2 days. A monoclonal antibody to IGF-I abolished both the IGF-I and GH-stimulated growth. However, the antibody had no effect on the growth of the bone explants in control, serum-free medium. Unlike the fetal long bones, bones from 2-day-old neonatal rats were arrested in their growth after 1-2 days in vitro. The neonatal bones responded to IGF-I and GH in a similar fashion as the fetal bones. Thus in this study in vitro evidence of a direct effect of GH on long bone growth via stimulating local production of IGF by the growth plate chondrocytes is presented. Furthermore, endogenous growth factors, others than IGFs, appear to play a crucial role in the regulation of fetal long bone growth.

scholarly journals An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of prehistoric stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Marciniak ◽  
Christina Bergey ◽  
Ana Maria Silva ◽  
Agata Hałuszko ◽  
Mirosław Furmanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Agricultural Transitions

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ~12,000 years before present (BP). Subsistence shifts from hunting and gathering to agriculture are hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a simultaneous decline in physiological health as inferred from paleopathological analyses and stature reconstructions of skeletal remains. A key component of the health decline inference is that relatively shorter statures observed for early farmers may (at least partly) reflect higher childhood disease burdens and poorer nutrition. However, while such stresses can indeed result in growth stunting, height is also highly heritable, and substantial inter-individual variation in the height genetic component within a population is typical. Moreover, extensive migration and gene flow were characteristics of multiple agricultural transitions worldwide. Here, we consider both osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to comprehensively study the trajectory of human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared "predicted" genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and "achieved" adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements on a per-individual basis for n=160 ancient Europeans from sites spanning the Upper Paleolithic to the Iron Age (~38,000-2,400 BP). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of -4.47 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.016). The average osteological vs. expected stature then increased relative to the Neolithic over the Copper (+2.67 cm, P=0.052), Bronze (+3.33 cm, P=0.032), and Iron Ages (+3.95 cm, P=0.094). These results were partly attenuated when we accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation in our sample (which we note is partly duplicative with the individual polygenic score information). For example, in this secondary analysis Neolithic individuals were -3.48 cm shorter than expected on average relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.056). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of non-specific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains (linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.

scholarly journals Exposure to the RXR agonist SR11237 in early life causes disturbed skeletal morphogenesis in a rat model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Dupuis ◽  
Michael Andrew Pest ◽  
Ermina Hadzic ◽  
Thin Xuan Vo ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Plate ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Computed Tomography Scanning ◽  
Calcified Tissue ◽  
Trap Staining ◽  
Tomography Scanning

AbstractLongitudinal bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification (EO), controlled by various signaling molecules. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor with important roles in cell death, development, and metabolism. However, little is known about its role in EO. In this study, the agonist SR11237 was used to evaluate RXR activation on EO.Rats given SR11237 from post-natal day 5 to 15 were harvested for micro-computed tomography scanning and histology. In parallel, newborn CD1 mouse tibiae were cultured with increasing concentrations of SR11237 for histological and whole mount evaluation.RXR agonist-treated rats were smaller than controls, and developed dysmorphia of the growth plate. Cells invading the calcified and dysmorphic growth plate appeared pre-hypertrophic in size and shape corresponding with P57 immunostaining. Additionally, SOX9 positive cells were found surrounding the calcified tissue. The epiphysis of SR11237 treated bones showed increased TRAP staining, and additional TUNEL staining at the osteo-chondral junction. MicroCT revealed morphological disorganization in the long bones of treated animals. Isolated mouse long bones treated with SR11237 grew significantly less than their DMSO controls.This study demonstrates that stimulation of the RXR receptor causes irregular ossification, premature closure of the growth plate, and disrupted long bone growth in rodent models.

scholarly journals The first report of direct skeletal attachment method applying for tibia prosthetic leg in a chicken by cortical screw

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Piyabongkarn Damrongdej
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
First Report ◽  
Cortical Screw ◽  
Intramedullary Screw

This is the first report of successful method for direct skeletal attachment for invent tibia prosthetic leg in a chicken amputee by using 3.0 mm stainless steel cortical screw as an intramedullary bone stem for right tibia endoprosthesis leg part and using acrylic with some part of endotracheal tube as an exoprosthesis leg part. This surgery was performed in a chicken amputee without bone cement using. A chicken could stand and sometime walk after 15 days of surgery. No complication problem with a screw’s stump. This intramedullary bone stem technique by a screw can adapt using in other parts of long bone animal amputee. This technique can apply for invent endoprosthesis limb in other small animal amputees and can use intramedullary screw technique with other long bones such as femur, humerus, radius, and ulna because this technique uses only one stainless 316L screw so the surgery cost is not too much. The surgical procedure is not complicated and blood loss during surgery is not much so the risk for this technique is low.

Classification of Fractures of Long Bones in the Dog and Cat: Introduction and Clinical Application

1990 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Unger ◽  
P. M. Montavon ◽  
U. F. A. Heim
Keyword(s):  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Fracture Classification ◽  
Fracture Criteria ◽  
Filing System

AbstractA computer filing system for the classification of fractured long bones in dogs and cats is described. It includes definitions of terms and a method of classification, based on fracture criteria seen on radiographs. This fracture classification was adapted from the AO/ASIF classification in man, to accomodate the special requirements of small animals. The localization and morphology of fractures were characterized with defined conventional terms, in order to assign an alpha-numeric code to each fracture. This coding system may also be used for computer filing of the data. With this classification system, the fractures are ranked in increasing severity and complexity for the various anatomical locations. This provides some prognostic and therapeutic informations. The system was used to code 1038 radiographically documented long bone fractures in dogs and cats. The distribution of fractures, with regard to their localization and morphology, was recorded. The system was easy to apply and proved to be able to supply valuable and reliable data.A computer filing system for the classification of fractured long bones in dogs and cats is described.

Modal Frequencies of Long Tibia Bones: Heterogeneous vs Homogeneous Material Considerations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem A. Yassine ◽  
Mohammad Karim Elham ◽  
Samir Mustapha ◽  
Ramsey F. Hamade
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Homogeneous Material ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Stiffness Properties ◽  
Mode 2 ◽  
Experimental Values

Where heterogeneous material considerations may yield more accurate estimates of long bones’ modal characteristics, homogeneous description has the advantage for yielding faster approximate solutions. In this study, modal frequencies of (bovine) long tibia bones are numerically estimated using the finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS starting from anatomically accurate CT scans and 3D models. Whole long bones are segmented into their cortical and cancellous constituents based on Hounsfield (HU) values. Bones’ cortical and cancellous constituents are first treated as heterogeneous material. Relative to stiffness-density relations, stiffness values are assigned for each element yielding a stiffness-graded structure. Modal frequencies are generated and values compared to those measured from dynamic experiments. Analysis was repeated where bone properties are homogenized by averaging the stiffness properties of bone constituents. The resulting frequencies are compared with those of the heterogeneous stiffness-graded bones. As compared with measured experimental values of one control long bone, the heterogeneous material assumption returned good estimates of the frequency values in the CC plane with of +0.85 % for mode 1 and +10.66 % for mode 2. For homogeneous material assumption, underestimates were returned with error values of −13.25% and −0.13 % differences for mode 2. In the ML plane, heterogeneous material assumption returned good estimates of the frequency values with −8.89 % for mode 1 and + 1.01 % for mode 2. Homogeneous material assumption underestimated the frequency values with error of −20.52 % for mode 1 and −7.50 % for mode 2. Homogeneous simplifications yielded faster and more memory-efficient FEM runs with heterogeneous modal analysis requiring 1.5 more running time and twice the utilized memory.

Test Methods for Accurate and Robust Material Property Measurements of Rodent Cortical Bone

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Adams ◽  
Svetlana Lublinsky ◽  
Mauricio Barrero
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Material Property ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Tissue Properties ◽  
Serial Test ◽  
Direct Measurements

Direct measurements of cortical bone material properties are difficult to achieve in rodent long bones due to the inherently small dimensions and difficulties in machining standard test specimen geometries [1]. Bone tissue properties in nearly all rodent studies are thus limited to estimates from flexural tests of long bone diaphyses. In addition to the inaccuracies imposed by the bending stress state itself, these material property estimates are further confounded by the non-uniform geometry of long bones along the diaphyseal length. The goal of this work was to develop a series of techniques to improve the accuracy and precision of material property measurements in rodent long bones, with explicit mathematical correction for geometrical complexity and multiple measurements from individual bones. In combination, these techniques provide a pragmatic serial test routine for collecting multiple direct measurements of cortical tissue elastic modulus and strength, with a potential for improving sensitivity and statistical power in skeletal studies using rodents.

Hunting and skeletal element abundance of guanaco during the Holocene of Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 102074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías E. Medina ◽  
Diego E. Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Element Abundance ◽  
Skeletal Element ◽  
The Holocene

scholarly journals Feasibility of three-dimensional reconstruction and automated measurement of fetal long bones using 5D Long Bone

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyewon Hur ◽  
Young Han Kim ◽  
Hee Young Cho ◽  
Yong Won Park ◽  
Hye-Sung Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Automated Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction
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