The Latin Studies of Hermann and Wilamowitz

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Eduard Fraenkel

A century ago, on the last day of 1848, there died Gottfried Hermann, the greatest classical scholar of his time. As a small token of homage to his memory some brief remarks on his contribution to the study of early Latin poetry may not be out of place here.Hermann, who owes his fame to his work on Greek poetry, had a knowledge of the language of Rome and an instinctive sense of its potentialities such as few scholars possessed. He spoke and wrote Latin with lucidity, ease, and grace: it was to him the natural medium for the expression of his thought. A keen interest in Plautus had been roused in him at an early stage by his teacher Reiz, who was the first after an interval of darkness to rekindle Bentley's torch. Late in life, looking back over more than fifty years, Hermann said: ‘Plautum praeceptor meus Reizius pro sponsa mihi esse voluit.’ When Reiz was engaged in correcting the proofs of his edition of the Rudens he used the young Hermann as his amanuensis. Hermann (Elementa doctrinae metricae p. xiii) has left us a delightful picture of this collaboration: on the one side the elderly professor, all kindliness and modesty, distrustful of himself, relying on painstaking care and meticulous circumspection; on the other the impetuous youngster, impatient of tiresome hesitation and confident that his divination and his strong rhythmical instinct were enough to recover the metre and the true reading of a controversial passage.

Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ana Glads de Queiroz Rolim ◽  
◽  
Alane Siqueira Rocha ◽  

This paper investigated depression-free life expectancy in the elderly population of Ceará, the Northeast and Brazil. We used data from the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS) and the projections of the Mortality Tables provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2018. Sullivan's method was used to estimate depression-free life expectancy at age 60 years. The results show that, among the elderly in the analyzed regions, women are at a disadvantage in the number of years they will live with depression compared to men. Which suggests that women live longer with depression compared to men. Among the populations analyzed, it was also found that the one in the Northeast showed the smallest difference in the prevalence of depression in the elderly between the sexes, with 11.6% in women and 3.7% in men. In general, the Northeast has the lowest prevalence of depression among the elderly, when compared to the other two regions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 597-615
Author(s):  
Spencer A. Klavan

Simply by formulating a question about the nature of ancient Greek poetry or music, any modern English speaker is already risking anachronism. In recent years especially, scholars have reminded one another that the words ‘music’ and ‘poetry’ denote concepts with no easy counterpart in Greek. μουσική in its broadest sense evokes not only innumerable kinds of structured movement and sound but also the political, psychological and cosmic order of which song, verse and dance are supposed to be perceptible manifestations. Likewise, ποίησις and the ποιητικὴ τέχνη can encompass all kinds of ‘making’, from the assembly of a table to the construction of a rhetorical argument. Of course, there were specifically artistic usages of these terms—according to Plato, ‘musical and metrical production’ was the default meaning of ποίησις in everyday speech. But even in discussions which restrict themselves to the sphere of human art, we find nothing like the neat compartmentalization of harmonized rhythmic melody on the one hand, and stylized verbal composition on the other, which is often casually implied or expressly formulated in modern comparisons of ‘music’ with ‘poetry’. For many ancient theorists the City Dionysia, a dithyrambic festival and a recitation of Homer all featured different versions of one and the same form of composition, a μουσική or ποιητική to which λόγοι, γράμματα and συλλαβαί were just as essential as ἁρμονία, φθόγγοι, ῥυθμός and χρόνοι.


1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Hedrick

In a recent article Helmut Koester argues against the current practice of distinguishing between canonical Gospels, on the one hand, and apocryphal gospels, on the other, and treating the apocryphal gospels as ‘step children’ of New Testament research. Koester maintains that there are a number of the ‘apocryphal’ gospels which ‘belong to a very early stage in the development of gospel literature — a stage that is comparable to the sources which were used by the gospels of the New Testament.’ One of those texts to which he points is the Nag Hammadi tractate the Apocryphon of James. This paper is an attempt to legitimize one ‘step child’ of New Testament scholarship as a valid source for investigating the earliest levels of the Jesus traditions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Marcinkiewicz-Wilk

Aim. The aim of this article is to show the significance of educational activeness among the elderly in the context of its adaptation to the ageing process itself (the psychological aspect), as well as to a rapidly changing society defined by technological progress (the social aspect). Method. The article has been formulated with the aid of critical literature on the subject Conclusion. Educational activeness is crucial in late adulthood. On the one hand it is an important element in allowing the elderly to adapt to a new stage of life, and on the other hand to keep up with a rapidly changing society, defined in the literature as the information society.


2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-44
Author(s):  
Tünde Éva Polonyi

A két- és többnyelvuek információtárolása és  feldolgozása vitatott téma: egyes kutatók szerint ez olyan kognitív alrendszerek segítségével történik, amelyek tartalmazzák az emlékezeti képzeteket is és beszélt nyelveikkel állnak kapcsolatban, viszont funkcionálisan függetlenek egymástól (a függetlenség hipotézise); egy másik modell szerint (az egymástól való függés hipotézise) a különálló lingvisztikai rendszerek funkcionálisan kötodnek egy olyan közös fogalmi rendszerhez, ami egyben a megosztott memóriatároló is. Kísérletem célja az volt, hogy egyetlen vizsgálatban, különbözo bevésési stratégiákat és elohívási feladatokat alkalmazva olyan teljesítménymintákat mérjek fel, amelyeket egyik vagy másik modell alátámasztására szoktak felhozni; ezenkívül a fejlodési hipotézist is vizsgálom.Magyar–román–angol háromnyelvuek vettek részt a vizsgálatban két csoportba osztva. Hipotézisem szerint az angolt nehézkesebben beszélok teljesítménye egy adatvezérlésu szókiegészítési feladatnál a függetlenégi hipotézist kell hogy alátámassza, azonban eredményeim azt mutatták, hogy az adat vezérlésu és fogalmi vezérlésu feldolgozás itt együtt jelentkezik; a szabad felidézési feladat ered ményei a nyelvtol való függetlenség hipotézisét támasztották alá, a felismerési feladat eredményei pedig szintén a két típusú feldolgozás kombinációját mutatták. Az angolt folyékonyabban beszélo alanyok esetében nem találtam szignifikáns különbségeket a különbözo bevésési stratégiák között, ami újabb bizonyítékot jelent Kroll és Stewart (1994) modellje mellett. A nehézkesebben beszélo háromnyelvuek tehát a lexikális- és fogalmi közvetítés kombinációját mutatták, és csak a gyakorlott beszélokre jellemzo a tiszta fogalmi közvetítés. Általános következtetésem az, hogy a leghasznosabb kutatási paradigma egy olyan transzfer-központú szemlélet lenne, amelyben a megorzési próbákon való teljesítmény olyan mértékben javul, amilyen mértékben a teszt által megkövetelt eljárások megismétlik a bevésési eljárásokat.Bilinguals’ information-representation and -processing is a controversial theme among psycholinguists: According to some researchers bilinguals have cognitive subsystems linked to their known languages, which include the memory stores, as well, but they are functionally independent from each other (independence position). On the other hand, the interdependence position maintain that bilinguals represent words in a supralinguistic code, possibly based on the meanings of the words, that is independent of the language in which the words occurred. According to the developmental hypothesis second language learners start only with lexical associations, but gradually develop direct links between the second language lexicon and concepts.The aims of my study were: 1) to measure performance patterns, which are usually taken to reflect the one or the other model, in one experiment, using different retrieval tasks under identical encoding conditions; 2) to examine the developmental hypothesis by using less fluent and more fluent trilinguals.        The subjects of my study were Hungarian–Romanian–English trilinguals, divided into two groups. According to my hypothesis, in the case of the less fluently speakers of English, a mostly data-driven task such as word fragment completion would depend on the matching of language at study and test, thus supporting the independence hypothesis. However, my results showed that in the case of this task both the data-driven and conceptually-driven processing is present: not only the language of study was important, but the increasing elaborate processing during study, as well. The results of the free recall task, as predicted, revealed evidence for interdependence effects. Finally, the recognition task showed again the combination of the two kind of processing: data-driven and conceptually-driven processing. The more fluent subjects, in turn, could face all the conditions and all the tasks almost equally well, suggesting that they mediate their languages entirely conceptually. In sum, we can tell that in the mind of the multilingual words are organised on the basis of meaning, not language. At very early stage of language acquisition, however, language specific cues intrude, even when subjects are concentrating upon meaning.My general conclusion is that the most useful research paradigm would be a transfer appropriate approach, according to which the performance on the retention tasks benefit to the extent to which procedures demanded by the task repeat those employed during encoding.


Politik ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Høybye-Mortensen

The Danish digitisation strategy states that case management systems are one of the means to digital welfare. is article examines Fælles Sprog (common language) which is used by case managers within the area of care for the elderly. Based on interviews the article illustrates how cross pressures from concerns of the in- dividual needs of the clients on the one hand and the system requirements for standardisation on the other hand are handled by the street level bureaucrats. In this way, the article presents e-government in practice within social welfare provision. 


1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Greve

The seemingly paradoxical result that despite their much lower objective risk of criminal victimization older persons show significantly higher fear of crime than younger ones has become a commonplace within criminology in the last two decades. It is argued that this so-called ‘victimization-fear-paradox’ can be resolved by theoretically and empirically differentiating cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of fear. Additionally, gerontological concepts partially explain the linkage between objective risk of victimization and fear on the one hand and age and fear on the other. In particular, arguments from a gerontopsychological perspective reveal that older people are by no means irrational but, on the contrary, behave in an adequately cautious way because they know about their higher physical vulnerability. It is due to their carefulness that older people are in fact less often victims of crime than younger ones. Results from a nationwide representative victim-survey in Germany are presented in order to support and illustrate these arguments. It is concluded that a closer look at the concept of ‘fear of crime’, as well as at the victimological data, explains a finding which seems to be unexpected from the ‘paradox's’ point of view: fear of crime is not a major problem of the elderly's daily life.


Scrinium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
Geoffrey D. Dunn

Abstract The Bible has a variety of perspectives on old age. On the one hand, as exemplified in Ps 91(90):16 and 92(91):15, old age is a sign of God’s blessing and the elderly are held in high regard as valuable, while on the other, as exemplified in Ps 39(38):5; 71(70):9; and 90(89):10, life is seen as fleeting and length of days as insignificant and the elderly fear neglect. The psalms held a high place in Augustine’s Christian identity. This paper explores Augustine’s use of these verses to consider the extent to which his religious outlook shaped his perspectives on ageing, as well as addressing the question of whether or not he was aware of the conflict between the two perspectives. It will be argued that Augustine was not interested in the contradictions presented by the psalmist, and that he interpreted all the verses through an eschatological framework, such that an evaluation of the meaning and value of life is to be found only through a perception of eternity.


2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostas Kardamis

Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros (1795–1872) was a noble from Corfu and is better known today as the composer of the Greek national anthem. However, recent research has proved his importance as a teacher and as one of the most learned composers of his generation, renowned, in Italy and France as well as Greece.The aim of this article is to present Mantzaros’ developing relationship as dilettante composer to the emerging European nineteenth-century music and aesthetics, as featured through his existing works and writings. In his early works (1815–27) Mantzaros demonstrates a remarkable creative assimilation of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century operatic idioms, whereas his aristocratic social status allowed him an eclectic relationship with music in general. From the late 1820s, Mantzaros also began setting Greek poetry to music, in this way offering a viable solution to the demand for ‘national music’.From the mid-1830s onwards, Mantzaros’ already existing interest in Romantic idealism was broadened, affecting his work and thoughts. He stopped composing opera-related works and demonstrated a dual attitude towards music. On the one hand he continued composing popular music for the needs of his social circle, but on the other he developed an esoteric creative relationship with music. The latter led him as early as the 1840s to denounce the ‘extremities of Romanticism’ and to seek the musical expression of the sublime through the creative use of ‘the noble art of counterpoint’. This way he attempted to propose a re-evaluation of nineteenth-century trends through an eclectic neoclassicism, without neglecting the importance of subjective inspiration and genius.


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