Tonal Hierarchies in Jazz Improvisation

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Topi Jarvinen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Jazz Improvisation ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Tonal Function ◽  
Chromatic Scale ◽  
Empirical Tests

Statistical methods were used to investigate 18 bebop-styled jazz improvisations based on the so- called Rhythm Changes chord progression. The data were compared with results obtained by C. L. Krumhansl and her colleagues in empirical tests investigating the perceived stability of the tones in the chromatic scale in various contexts. Comparisons were also made with data on the statistical distribution of the 12 chromatic tones in actual European art music. It was found that the chorus- level hierarchies (measured over a whole chorus) are remarkably similar to the rating profiles obtained in empirical tests and to the relative frequencies of the tones in European art music. The chord- level hierarchies (measured over single chords) suggest that in the chord progression the improvisers have certain cognitive reference points that are outlined more carefully than the rest of the chords (strong local hierarchy vs. weak local hierarchy). Furthermore, in both analyses, it was found that the metrical structure was used to emphasize or de- emphasize tones, depending on their tonal function.

Statistical Analysis of Weather Effects on PM2.5

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 1033-1040
Author(s):  
Wei Dai ◽  
Jia Qi Gao ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Feng Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Weather Effects

Effects of weather conditions including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind and direction on PM2.5 were studied using statistical methods. PM2.5 samples were collected during the summer and the winter in a suburb of Shenzhen. Then, correlations, hypothesis test and statistical distribution of PM2.5 and meteorological data were analyzed with IBM SPSS predictive analytics software. Seasonal and daily variations of PM2.5 have been found and these mainly resulted from the weather effects.

Landmarks in the Study of Improvisation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Nettl
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Folk Music ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Jazz Improvisation ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Music Making ◽  
History Of

Historically, research on improvisation has been related to the discovery of non-Western musics, folk music, and jazz, and has depended on the development of recording techniques for its principal kinds of data. The concept of improvisation is not unitary, but includes many vastly different kinds of un-notated music-making, which casts some doubt on the efficacy of the term itself. In the history of Western art music, improvisation was originally ignored or seen as craft rather than art, but since ca. 1980 it has occupied increased attention. The association of improvisation with oral transmission has sometimes been misunderstood. The most successful standard research study has been the comparison of performances based on a single model, for example, raga in India, maqam and dastgah in the Middle East, or a series of chord changes or a tune in jazz. Improvisation as a concept—for example, as a metaphor of freedom—has been important in recent research.

scholarly journals Tonal progression in Bartók's 'Etudes', Op. 18

New Sound ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Paolo Susanni
Keyword(s):  
Art Music ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Expansion Process ◽  
Equal Interval ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chromatic Scale ◽  
Interval Cycles ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Axes Of Symmetry

Bartók's mature musical language was born of both folk and art-music sources which influenced the composer in equal measure. The Three Studies for piano, Op. 18, represent a significant step in the evolution of the composers synthesis of the art-music source. All three etudes are based on equal-interval chains called interval cycles. Each of the three etudes represents a stage in the process of intervallic augmentation the composer named diatonic expansion. This concept, together with that of chromatic compression, is fundamental to all his mature works. The first etude expands the chromatic scale to two whole-tone scales. In the second etude the intervals are expanded to include the minor and major thirds as well as the perfect fourth, while in the third etude the tritone becomes the final step in the expansion process. The interactions of the ever-expanding interval cycles generate an array of diatonic, non-diatonic and abstract pitch collections. Parts of the opus rely on the concept of tonal progression based on axes of symmetry, which reached its perfection in later works such as the Out of Doors Suite and Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta.

On Narrativity and Narrative Flavor in Jazz Improvisation

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1399-1424
Author(s):  
J Tyler Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Jazz Improvisation ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Philosophy Of Music ◽  
Musical Motion ◽  
Structural Coherence ◽  
Definition Of

This essay investigates an established question in the philosophy of music: whether, and in what respect, music may express narratives. However, this essay departs in two essential respects from traditional treatments of the question. First, the jazz tradition instead of European art music is used as the primary source material. Second, instead of merely posing the question of whether music can harbor a narrative, this essay is oriented by what it argues is a common experience of “narrative flavor” in music – the feeling of having heard a story in non-representational sound. The essay seeks to account for the experiential givenness of “narrative flavor” with the assistance of contemporary philosophical work on narrative and musicological work on improvisation and musical motion. Working with a minimalist definition of narrative that requires (1) the representation of two or more events that are (2) temporally ordered and (3) causally connected, music is found to be able to satisfy the second and third conditions. However, the questionable representation capacities of music lead to the conclusion that music cannot, in the strict sense, harbor a narrative. The experience of narrative flavor is explained with reference to J. David Velleman’s concept of emotional cadence, Brian Harker’s work on structural coherence in improvisation, and Patrick Shove and Bruno Repp’s work on the perception of musical motion. These sources are utilized to demonstrate that improvisations can be structured so as to give the listener the impression of having heard a story by initiating and carrying out an emotional cadence.

scholarly journals Tastes in music and art in the context of self-determination of youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Kozlovskii ◽  
Dar'ya Vladimirovna Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
Art Music ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Musical Genres ◽  
The Impact

The subject of this research is analysis of the impact of tastes in music and art upon self-determination of youth. The key problem is to identify the specificity of formation of personal preferences of youth in the process of music consumption in the context of modern cultural industries. The scale and mechanisms of the impact of music as a sociocultural factor of socialization, identification, cultural demarcation and, most importantly, social differentiation and cultural diversity are insufficiently studied. The problem of studying sociocultural capacity of tastes in music and art consists in poor perception for the sociological research on cultural determination of the practices of within and outside the intergenerational semantic (symbolic) distinction and unity within the youth environment. The goal is to search the methods for formation and representation of tastes in culture, and namely, in music and art as the elements comprising semantic and value structure of identity of a young person.  The core of the strategies for creating semantic and value structure in the course of sociocultural socialization of a person are music and art patterns that manifest in Russian youth born between 1987 and 1997 in relation to various musical genres, practices, performers and those with different tastes in music and art. Music alongside tastes in music in the context of self-determination of youth fulfill a function of worldview, behavioral and ideological reference points, an instrument for postulating new values, as well as reconsideration and of the established preferences, attitudes and patterns.

scholarly journals Statistics for Sleep and Biological Rhythms Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt T. Bianchi ◽  
Andrew J. K. Phillips ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Elizabeth B. Klerman
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Power Calculations ◽  
Case Examples

The Journal of Biological Rhythms will be publishing articles exploring analysis and statistical topics relevant to researchers in biological rhythms and sleep research. The goal is to provide an overview of the most common issues that arise in the analysis and interpretation of data in these fields. By using case examples and highlighting the pearls and pitfalls of statistical inference, the authors will identify and explain ways in which experimental scientists can avoid common analytical and statistical mistakes and use appropriate analytical and statistical methods in their research. In this first article, we address the first steps in analysis of data: understanding the underlying statistical distribution of the data and establishing associative versus causal relationships. These ideas are then applied to sample size, power calculations, correlation testing, differences between description and prediction, and the narrative fallacy.

scholarly journals Epidemiologically inspired approaches to land-use policy evaluation: The influence of the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo A. Costa ◽  
Raoni Rajão ◽  
Marcelo C. C. Stabile ◽  
Andrea A. Azevedo ◽  
Juliano Correa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Land Use Policy ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Deforestation Rates ◽  
Time Periods

Environmental policy evaluation is crucial to determining if policy objectives were achieved. In most cases, some of the outcomes can be measured but a proper statistical analysis is difficult to achieve since the data may not represent a random sample (i.e., the data is biased), are not representative of the population or cannot be compared to a control group. This work adapts quasi-experimental statistical methods widely used in epidemiological studies that could be applied to land use policy evaluation in situations of relatively poor data. In order to test and develop this set of methods, we evaluated the effect of a land-use policy known as the rural environmental registry (CAR) on the reduction of deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The random variable of interest is the number of deforested hectares in given private properties and the statistic of interest is the difference of the annual deforestation rate between the properties before and after the policy intervention. Since no formal statistical distribution properly fit the data, non-parametrical approaches such as Monte Carlo simulations and Bootstrap were used. Data from the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Pará were used, with different time periods and three rural property size classes. Results show that the properties inside the Rural Environmental Registry have reduced their deforestation rates in some property classes and time periods, but this effect has not been systematic across time and space indicating that the policy is only partially effective. We conclude that the proposed statistical methods can be useful in environmental policy evaluation in different contexts due to low demands in terms of data availability and statistical distribution assumptions.

Bayesian Statistics Applied to the Activities of Waste Drums

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Bull ◽  
Ian Adsley
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Gamma Spectrometry ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Bayes Theorem ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Waste Drums

Gamma spectrometry is widely used to determine the radioactive content of waste drums. However, the results of such surveys often result in large numbers of limit-of-detection (LOD) results. In a previous paper it was shown how simple statistical methods could be used to make estimates of the mean activity of a set of waste drums even when the individual measurements were dominated by limit-of-detection results. In that approach it was necessary to make assumptions about the statistical distribution (taken to be lognormal) of the activities and the geometric standard deviations of the distributions. In this paper a development of the method is presented which uses two statistical methods — Bayes’ Theorem and marginalization. These allow the probability distribution of the mean activity of the waste drums to be calculated, whilst the number of assumptions is reduced to just one, namely the form of the statistical distribution. The mathematical details are described in the paper and the application to a set of U235-in-drum measurements is presented.

Reference Coordinate System Requirements for Geophysics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
P. L. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Angular Motion ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Fixed System

AbstractFive important geodynamical quantities which are closely linked are: 1) motions of points on the Earth’s surface; 2)polar motion; 3) changes in UT1-UTC; 4) nutation; and 5) motion of the geocenter. For each of these we expect to achieve measurements in the near future which have an accuracy of 1 to 3 cm or 0.3 to 1 milliarcsec.From a metrological point of view, one can say simply: “Measure each quantity against whichever coordinate system you can make the most accurate measurements with respect to”. I believe that this statement should serve as a guiding principle for the recommendations of the colloquium. However, it also is important that the coordinate systems help to provide a clear separation between the different phenomena of interest, and correspond closely to the conceptual definitions in terms of which geophysicists think about the phenomena.In any discussion of angular motion in space, both a “body-fixed” system and a “space-fixed” system are used. Some relevant types of coordinate systems, reference directions, or reference points which have been considered are: 1) celestial systems based on optical star catalogs, distant galaxies, radio source catalogs, or the Moon and inner planets; 2) the Earth’s axis of rotation, which defines a line through the Earth as well as a celestial reference direction; 3) the geocenter; and 4) “quasi-Earth-fixed” coordinate systems.When a geophysicists discusses UT1 and polar motion, he usually is thinking of the angular motion of the main part of the mantle with respect to an inertial frame and to the direction of the spin axis. Since the velocities of relative motion in most of the mantle are expectd to be extremely small, even if “substantial” deep convection is occurring, the conceptual “quasi-Earth-fixed” reference frame seems well defined. Methods for realizing a close approximation to this frame fortunately exist. Hopefully, this colloquium will recommend procedures for establishing and maintaining such a system for use in geodynamics. Motion of points on the Earth’s surface and of the geocenter can be measured against such a system with the full accuracy of the new techniques.The situation with respect to celestial reference frames is different. The various measurement techniques give changes in the orientation of the Earth, relative to different systems, so that we would like to know the relative motions of the systems in order to compare the results. However, there does not appear to be a need for defining any new system. Subjective figures of merit for the various system dependon both the accuracy with which measurements can be made against them and the degree to which they can be related to inertial systems.The main coordinate system requirement related to the 5 geodynamic quantities discussed in this talk is thus for the establishment and maintenance of a “quasi-Earth-fixed” coordinate system which closely approximates the motion of the main part of the mantle. Changes in the orientation of this system with respect to the various celestial systems can be determined by both the new and the conventional techniques, provided that some knowledge of changes in the local vertical is available. Changes in the axis of rotation and in the geocenter with respect to this system also can be obtained, as well as measurements of nutation.

Statistics and parallaxes

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 7-29
Author(s):  
T. E. Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Trigonometric Parallaxes ◽  
Systematic And Random Errors

This review paper deals with the use of statistical methods to evaluate systematic and random errors associated with trigonometric parallaxes. First, systematic errors which arise when using trigonometric parallaxes to calibrate luminosity systems are discussed. Next, determination of the external errors of parallax measurement are reviewed. Observatory corrections are discussed. Schilt’s point, that as the causes of these systematic differences between observatories are not known the computed corrections can not be applied appropriately, is emphasized. However, modern parallax work is sufficiently accurate that it is necessary to determine observatory corrections if full use is to be made of the potential precision of the data. To this end, it is suggested that a prior experimental design is required. Past experience has shown that accidental overlap of observing programs will not suffice to determine observatory corrections which are meaningful.

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