The Archetypal Imagery of T. S. Eliot

“Dichten heisst, hinter Worten das Urwort erklingen lassen.”These words of Gerhardt Hauptmann are quoted by C. G. Jung in his essay “On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetic Art,” as illustration of the poet's sense of tapping a deeper level of the psyche than that which is called into play in everyday thought and action. This lower level of psychic activity (Jung explains), that of the collective or racial unconscious, contains the inherited potentiality of mental images that are the psychic counterpart of the instincts. “In itself the collective unconscious cannot be said to exist at all; that is to say, it is nothing but a possibility, that possibility in fact which from primordial time has been handed down to us in the definite form of mnemic images, or expressed in anatomical formations in the very structure of the brain. It does not yield innate ideas, but inborn possibilities of ideas, which also set definite bounds to the most daring phantasy. It provides categories of phantasy-activity, ideas a priori as it were, the existence of which cannot be ascertained except by experience.” This theory is not peculiar to Jung, being in fact rather prevalent in our time. “I began certain studies and experiences,” says Yeats, describing his activities in the year 1887, “that were to convince me that images well up before the mind's eye from a deeper source than conscious or subconscious memory.” Jung, however, has given the idea its scientific formulation. For these ideas a priori of the collective unconscious, Jung employs the term “primordial image,” borrowed from Jacob Burckhardt, or “archetype” as used by St. Augustine. The peculiar gift of the poet, or of the artist in any field, is his ability to make contact with the deeper level of the psyche and to present in his work one of these primordial images. The particular image that is chosen will depend on the unconscious need of the poet and of the society for which he writes. “Therein lies the social importance of art; it is constantly at work educating the spirit of the age, since it brings to birth those forms in which the age is most lacking. Recoiling from the unsatisfying present the yearning of the artist reaches out to that primordial image in the unconscious which is best fitted to compensate the insufficiency and onesidedness of the spirit of the age. The artist seizes this image, and in the work of raising it from deepest unconsciousness he brings it into relation with conscious values, thereby transforming its shape, until it can be accepted by his contemporaries according to their powers.” In this view the artist is the cultural leader indispensable to any social change. “What was the significance of realism and naturalism to their age? What was the meaning of romanticism, or Hellenism? They were tendencies of art which brought to the surface that unconscious element of which the contemporary mental atmosphere had most need. The artist as educator of his time—much could be said about that today.”