Plato and the Copula: Sophist 251–259

1957 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ackrill
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
The Real ◽  
Clear View ◽  
Absolute Necessity ◽  
Classical Philology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
Great Stress

My purpose is not to give a full interpretation of this difficult and important passage, but to discuss one particular problem, taking up some remarks made by F. M. Cornford (in Plato's Theory of Knowledge) and by Mr. R. Robinson (in his paper on Plato's Parmenides, Classical Philology, 1942). First it may be useful to give a very brief and unargued outline of the passage. Plato seeks to prove that concepts are related in certain definite ways, that there is a συμπλοκὴ εἰδῶν (251d–252e). Next (253) he assigns to philosophy the task of discovering what these relations are: the philosopher must try to get a clear view of the whole range of concepts and of how they are interconnected, whether in genus-species pyramids or in other ways. Plato now gives a sample of such philosophising. Choosing some concepts highly relevant to problems already broached in the Sophist he first (254–5) establishes that they are all different one from the other, and then (255e–258) elicits the relationships in which they stand to one another. The attempt to discover and state these relationships throws light on the puzzling notions ὄν and μὴ ὄν and enables Plato to set aside with contempt certain puzzles and paradoxes propounded by superficial thinkers (259). He refers finally (259e) to the absolute necessity there is for concepts to be in definite relations to one another if there is to be discourse at all: διὰ γὰρ τήν ἀλλήλων τῶν εἰδῶν συμπλοκὴν ὁ λόγος γέγονεν ἡμῖν So the section ends with a reassertion of the point with which it began (251d–252e): that there is and must be a συμπλοκὴ εἰδῶν.The question I wish to discuss is this. Is it true to say that one of Plato's achievements in this passage is ‘the discovery of the copula’ or ‘the recognition of the ambiguity of ἔστιν’ as used on the one hand in statements of identity and on the other hand in attributive statements? The question is whether Plato made a philosophical advance which we might describe in such phrases as those just quoted, but no great stress is to be laid on these particular phrases. Thus it is no doubt odd to say that Plato (or anyone else) discovered the copula. But did he draw attention to it? Did he expound or expose the various roles of the verb ἔστιν? Many of his predecessors and contemporaries reached bizarre conclusions by confusing different usesof the word; did Plato respond by elucidating these different uses? These are the real questions.

scholarly journals Transformation of the Banking Sector of Ukraine: Reasons and Consequences

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Myroslava Khutorna
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This paper is devoted to the consideration of the preconditions and results of the banking sector of Ukraine transforming, its influence on the sector’s productivity, stability and significance for the real economy. It’s grounded that banking sector of Ukraine has seriously weakened its potential for the economic development stimulation. On the one hand, due to the banking sector clearance from the bad and unscrupulous banks the system has become much more sensitive to the monetary instruments and its state is going to be more predictable and better controlled. But on the other hand, massive banks’ liquidations have caused the worsening of the confidence in financial system and radical increasing of the market concentration the highest degree of which is observed in the householders’ deposit market.

scholarly journals À propos de Collezioni epigrafiche della Grecia occidentale

Axon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Aneziri ◽  
Denis Rousset
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Absolute Necessity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
Past Conditions

The present paper presents the first volume of Collezioni epigrafiche della Grecia occidentale/Epigraphische Sammlungen aus Westgriechenland. It reflects, on the one hand, on the absolute necessity to preserve multilingualism in Altertumswissenschaft; on the other, on the purposes and methods of making catalogues or inventories of epigraphic collections; and finally on the past conditions and the current state of epigraphic and prosopographic research in West Greece and especially in Aetolia.

scholarly journals The Reality of Religious Ideals

1909 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
John E. Boodin
Keyword(s):  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Comparative Religion ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Higher Criticism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Religious Ideals ◽  
The One ◽  
Deep Interest

Not the least significant fact of this great scientific age is its deep interest in religion. On the one hand, in spite of serious protests from the conservatives, science has established its right to apply the same method to the study of religion which has been of such great service in reducing the facts of other fields from chaos to order; and thus we have Comparative Religion, Higher Criticism, and the Psychology of Religion. On the other hand, attempts have been made from the philosophical side to furnish the same rationale for the ultimate religious concepts as for the scientific. The import of this has been, not to show that both sorts of ideas are ultimately equally invalid, equally lose themselves in the unknowable, as in the dark all cows are gray; but to show the legitimacy and importance of both in steering us in the direction of the real. What I am concerned with in this paper is to inquire into the validity of our religious ideals; but to do this I shall have to inquire first how any ideals become valid. If this seems a roundabout way, I still feel that it is the shortest way to reach the end in view.

scholarly journals Formal power and real authority: the involvement of governance norms or principles

2018 ◽  
pp. 107-127
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Picavet
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Formal Treatment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Or Economics ◽  
The One ◽  
Formal Power

In several avenues of contemporary research, much attention is devoted to the contrast between the real authority of institution and their formal power, in the analysis of institutional funtionings; also in the study of the relationships between institutions on the one hand, rules, principles or norms on the other hand. Such a contrast appears to be based on familiar observations: the capacity of institutions to get their preferred outcomes (their so-called „real authority”) is sometimes loosely connected with the hierarchical prerogatives of the considered institutions (their „formal power”). More particularly, current studies of the „migration authority” bring out possible shitts in real authority while there is no changein the formal structure of power. This article will partly consist  in the explanation of recent results of common reaserch in project „Delicom”, in which a formal treatment of the distinction has been put foward. This approach will be set against the background of recent contributions in political science or economics (in the works of Ph. Aghion and J. Tirole, J. Backhaus, L. Thorlakson). The revelance of the problematic for the study of competence delegation among institutions will be stressed all along.

scholarly journals The linguistic sign: Metonymy and virtuality

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Glaz
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
The One

Grounded in a rich philosophical and semiotic tradition, the most influential models of the linguistic sign have been Saussure’s intimate connection between the signifier and the signi-fied and Ogden and Richards’ semiotic triangle. Within the triangle, claim the cognitive lin-guists Radden and Kövecses, the sign functions in a metonymic fashion. The triangular semi-otic model is expanded here to a trapezium and calibrated with, on the one hand, Peirce’s conception of virtuality, and on the other hand, with some of the tenets of Langacker’s Cogni-tive Grammar. In conclusion, the question “How does the linguistic sign mean?” is answered thus: it means by virtue of the linguistic form activating (virtually) the entire trapezium-like configuration of forms, concepts, experienced projections, and relationships between all of the above. Activation of the real world remains dubious or indirect. The process is both meto-nymic and virtual, in the sense specified.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF MENTALITY IN SHAMANISTIC SOCIETIES OF THE NANAI PEOPLE

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
TATIANA D. BULGAKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Physical World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Cultural Reality

The generalization of the field material collected by the author allowed to identify two groups of interrelated factors that form the mentality of those Nanai people who practice shamanism. There were two principles identified, the goal-setting and detecting the resources required to achieve the desired results. On the one hand, an irrational worldview, the idea of the accessibility of the space of the spiritual world and the characters inhabiting it (spirits), is specific to the mentality of shamanists. On the other hand, the basis of the mentality of shamanists is the priority of the principle of pragmatism (utility), that is, the desire to consider the spiritual invisible reality as a resource available for solving those problems that arise in the real physical world. The mentality formed at the intersection of the principles of irrationality and utility has a significant sociogenetic potential, its effect extends to those aspects of the socio-cultural reality that are outside of the actual shamanic practice...

Herausforderung China

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf T. Kreutzer
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Künstliche Intelligenz ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
The West ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Abstract Viele europäische Manager konzentrieren sich auf der Suche nach den neuesten Trends immer noch (zu häufig) auf den Westen. Ist das heute noch zeitgemäß – und vor allem – wird es den tatsächlichen Herausforderungen der Unternehmen und der Politik noch gerecht? Dieser Beitrag wurde angeregt durch zwei vom Deutschen Dialogmarketing Verband organisierten Reisen nach China, Japan und Südkorea, an denen der Autor in den letzten zwölf Monaten teilgenommen hat. In diesem ersten Beitrag leitet er einige zentrale Lektionen für das eigene Tun in Deutschland und Europa ab. Diese „Lektionen“ basieren zum einen auf dem Gesehenen und Gehörten vor Ort in China selbst. Dazu gehören auch weitere Gespräche mit China-Experten. Zum anderen erfolgte für diesen Beitrag ein intensives Studium der einschlägigen Veröffentlichungen zu den Entwicklungen in China, um so ein holistisches Bild von China und seinen Entwicklungen zu erhalten. Der Beitrag wird in der kommenden Ausgabe von „Der Betriebswirt“ abgeschlossen und behandelt die Themen „Alibaba – Integration über verschiedene Leistungsfelder hinweg“, „JD.com – Amazon und UPS in einem“, „Eigenständige Lösungen durch konsequente Marktabschottung“, „Eroberung des globalen Automobil-Marktes“ sowie „People-Power“. Many European managers are still (too often) concentrating on the West in their search for the latest trends. Is this still appropriate today – and above all – does it still meet the real challenges of companies and politics? This article was inspired by two trips to China, Japan and South Korea organized by the German Dialog Marketing Association, in which the author has participated in the last twelve months. In this first article he derives some central lessons for actions of companies in Germany and Europe. These „lessons“ are based on the one hand on what has been seen and heard locally in China itself. This includes further discussions with China experts. On the other hand, an intensive study of the relevant publications on developments in China was carried out in order to obtain a holistic picture of China and its developments. Keywords: masterplan, künstliche intelligenz, gesichtserkennung, datenschutz

Dark Light: The Mystical Theology of St. Edith Stein

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 362-372
Author(s):  
Olli-Pekka Vainio
Keyword(s):  
Mystical Experience ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Theology ◽  
Edith Stein ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
The Real ◽  
Professional Philosopher ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In this article, I will examine St. Edith Stein’s theory of religious language. Stein, who was both a professional philosopher and a mystic, and deeply rooted both in the tradition of negative theology and early phenomenology, held a peculiar version of univocity with regard to religious language. On the one hand, our concepts have something objectively in common with the thing they signify. On the other hand, our concepts are merely representations of the real. Therefore, when mystics say that God can be addressed “without words or images,” this does not entail anti-realism or non-cognitivism. Instead, according to Stein, this only means that words are not needed when the thing itself is present without mediation in the mystical experience.

Nature and the Dialectic of Nature in Hegel's Objective Idealism

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 30-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Wandschneider
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Identity ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Dialectic Of Nature

When the Ideal is understood as ontologically fundamental within the framework of an idealistic system, and the Real, on the other hand, as derived, then the first and foremost task of a philosophy of this kind is to prove the claimed fundamentally of the Ideal. This is immediately followed by the further demand to also substantiate on this basis the existence of the Real and particularly of natural being. These tasks have been understood and attempts made to solve them in very different ways in German Idealism - about which I cannot go into more detail here. Let me say this much: that Fichte and Schelling, it appears to me, already fail at the first task, ie. neither Fichte nor Schelling really succeeds in substantiating their pretended ideal as an absolute principle of philosophy. Fichte believes he has such a principle in the direct evidence of the self. However, as this is of little use for the foundation of a generally binding philosophy because of its ultimately private character, Fichte already replaces it with the principle of the absolute self already in his first Wissenschaftlehre of 1794. As a construction detached from the concrete self, this of course lacks that original direct certainty from which Fichte started in the first place, in other words: because the construction of an absolute self can no longer refer to direct evidence, it must be substantiated separately, something which Fichte, I believe, nonetheless fails to do. The same criticism can, in my view, be made of Schelling, who ingeniously substitutes constructions for arguments. His early intuition of an absolute identity which simultaneously underlies spirit and nature, remains just as thetic and unproven as that eternal subject on which he based the representation of his system in, for example, the Munich lectures of 1827.

Quadratic forms ‘à la’ local theory

1967 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Forms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Theory ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Characteristic 2 ◽  
The One ◽  
Adic Case

In this note (cf. sections 3, 4) I shall give an axiomatization of those fields (of characteristic ≠ 2) which have a theory of quadratic forms like the -adic numbers or like the real numbers. This leads then, for instance, to a generalization of the well-known theorems on -adic forms to a wider class of fields, including non-local ones. The main purpose of the exercise is, however, to separate out the roles of the arithmetic in the underlying field, on the one hand, which solely enters into the verification of the axioms, and of the ordinary algebra of quadratic forms on the other hand. The resulting clarification of the structure of the theory is of interest even in the known -adic case.

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