COMMUNITY, DIFFERENCE, CONTEXT:

Author(s):  
Jennifer Wawrzinek
Keyword(s):  
2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Leo

Abstract. The literatures of both federalism and urban politics conclude that economic, technological and political changes on a global scale have produced limitations on the capacities of national governments, while enhancing the economic and political importance of urban-centred regions. A practical implication is that cities have become central to the study of federalism. This article attempts a synthesis of what we can learn from the federalism and urban politics literatures about the governance of cities in the twenty-first century. It considers the argument in favour of charter cities, as well as the advocacy of a stronger central government to preserve the social safety net, and concludes that both positions are premised on a traditional, hierarchical view of intergovernmental relations, a view that is out of keeping with the exigencies of a borderless world. Instead, it poses the following question: How can we have policies that are truly national and yet fully take into account the very significant differences among regions and communities? The article draws on recent research on the impact of federal policies regarding homelessness and immigration in Vancouver, Winnipeg and Saint John, as well as other research, to consider whether the federal government is doing the best it can to preserve national standards while respecting community difference. It concludes by defining three policy models that show varying degrees of promise in achieving that objective.Résumé. Les recherches courantes sur le fédéralisme et sur la politique urbaine avancent que les changements économiques, technologiques et politiques qui se produisent à l'échelle mondiale affaiblissent les capacités des gouvernements nationaux tout en renforçant l'importance économique et politique des centres urbains. Il en découle, sur le plan pratique, que les centres urbains sont devenus un sujet essentiel de l'étude du fédéralisme. Le présent article tente de faire une synthèse de ce que les recherches sur le fédéralisme et la politique urbaine peuvent nous enseigner sur la gouvernance des villes au 21e siècle. Après avoir examiné l'argument en faveur des villes à charte et celui qui préconise un renforcement du gouvernement central pour préserver le filet de sécurité sociale, l'article conclut que les deux arguments sont fondés sur une conception traditionnelle et hiérarchique des relations intergouvernementales, et que cette conception ne répond plus aux exigences d'un monde sans frontières. Puis, il pose la question suivante : comment peut-on formuler des politiques qui soient véritablement nationales et qui, en même temps, tiennent compte des différences importantes entre les régions et les communautés? S'inspirant principalement d'une enquête récente sur le retentissement des politiques fédérales sur les problèmes des sans-abri et de l'immigration à Vancouver, à Winnipeg et à Saint-Jean N.-B., l'article examine dans quelle mesure le gouvernement fédéral s'efforce de sauvegarder des normes nationales tout en respectant les différences régionales. En conclusion, il propose trois modèles politiques qui seraient susceptibles, à des degrés divers, d'atteindre cet objectif.


Al-Qalam ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Nilam Sari ◽  
Nilam Sari

<p>Benefaction is one of facility to increase quality and quantity of worship to Allah has a main foundation that was Al-Qur’an and hadits, because as worship, benefaction has regulated for its legal requirement by Allah SWT. The provisions of benefaction and other worships that will performed by human being as means to close him selves to Allah. This article discussed about stipulation of diversion of benefaction property function according to stipulation of Islamic law (fiqh) and laws No. 41 Year 2004 concerning to benefaction. Related to diversion of function of benefaction property use have happened some perspectives among of several theologians, there was part of theologian prohibited to change function and advantage of such benefaction of property, when such benefaction property in form of a building such as mosque, house and others. But in other hand, some theologians allowed change of function of waqf land during its original form do not changed and it not change to other name of such benefaction property. Such benefaction property which has diverse should be more strategic property, productive and empowered for religion and Islam community. Difference between Islamic law (<em>fiqh</em>) and positive law concerning to diversion of benefaction property function where in provision of <em>fiqh jumhur</em> of theologian was allowed the diversion of benefaction property function so long as do not change purpose of benefaction and do not change the object name which has donated. While the positive law was not regard such things, substantially it fulfilled economic value and productive and it not in opposition to law of sharia provision.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S357-S358
Author(s):  
Katherine Bridges

Abstract The 2018 AARP Brain Health and Mental Well-Being Survey reveals Millennials (age 22 to 37) have the highest level of stress while those in the Silent/Greatest Generation (over 73) have the lowest. Adults in their 50s and beyond have higher average mental well-being scores compared to younger adults. On a scale of mental well-being with an average score of 52, the average well-being for those age 18-39 is about 50, compared to about 54 for those 60 and older. This presentation will highlight generational difference in mental well-being and will examine community difference for older adults particularly those who reside in metropolitan areas compared to non-metropolitan areas.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C Billings ◽  
Matthew S Carroll ◽  
Travis B Paveglio

Abstract This article identifies specific social characteristics in two wildland urban interface communities that may have significant impacts on the ability of those communities to adapt to wildfire. Researchers used a mixed-methods approach to triangulate results to identify potential views and motives surrounding three important behaviors and values related to crafting potential strategies to mitigate wildfire risk. The analysis of quantitative data in the form of responses to Likert-type questions and qualitative data in the form of responses to questions asked during focus group sessions yielded a deeper understanding of the way the terms independence and trust are conceptualized from one community to another. Understanding what these concepts mean in the context of a given community is essential to understanding how to move forward with strategies to reduce risk and eliminate potential barriers to doing so. Study Implications Two important social characteristics of wildland urban interface (WUI) communities are trust and independence. Trust and independence look different in different types of communities. The two terms also encapsulate a range of meanings that vary depending on local social context. Being able to identify what types of trust and independence are present in a particular WUI community can help practitioners craft wildfire risk reduction strategies that are most likely to be well received and successfully integrated into individual WUI communities. This article offers examples of how these characteristics manifest themselves in two different communities in the Pacific Northwest.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanlong Li ◽  
Chunxiang Hu

AbstractBiocrusts play critical eco-functions in many drylands, however it is challenging to explore their community assembly, particularly within patched successional types and across climate zones. Here, different successional biocrusts (alga, lichen, and moss-dominated biocrusts) were collected across the northern China, and assembly of biocrust microbial communities was investigated by high-throughput sequencing combined with measurements of soil properties and microclimate environments. Bacterial and eukaryotic communities showed that the maximum and minimum community variation occurred across longitude and latitude, respectively. In the regions where all three stages of biocrusts were involved, the highest community difference existed between successional stages, and decreased with distance. The community assembly was generally driven by dispersal limitation, although neutral processes have controlled the eukaryotic community assembly in hyperarid areas. Along the succession, bacterial community had no obvious patterns, but eukaryotic community showed increasing homogeneity, with increased species sorting and decreased dispersal limitation for community assembly. Compared to early successional biocrusts, there were higher microbial mutual exclusions and more complex networks at later stages, with distinct topological features. Correlation analysis further indicated that the balance between deterministic and stochastic processes might be mediated by aridity, salinity, and total phosphorus, although the mediations were opposite for bacteria and eukaryotes.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Tomasz Sikora

The following observations have been occasioned by the 2011 Marvell comic adaptation X-Men: First Class. Rather than a comprehensive analysis of the movie, however, the essay is a collection of more general observations on the modern “liberal mind” and how it imagines and structures community, difference and the political itself. One of my central claims, drawing on the work of Roberto Esposito, is that the modern model of liberal humanism has developed largely in terms of what he calls the “immunization paradigm.” In this model, the inclusion of difference into the political may be interpreted in terms of immunization: a body politic internalizes a certain amount of what seems to constitute a danger in order to immunize itself against that very danger. Present-day liberalism differs from its earlier forms in that it recognizes the idea of difference and folds it into its own projections of a “common good.” But not all forms of difference are equally welcome, and the liberal regime maintains its hegemony by bargaining some kinds of difference against others. One of the key questions for the present, therefore, is which kinds of difference the dominant regime considers more worthy of life and legal protection, and which other kinds are implicitly considered less worthy or, indeed, deserving extinction. Author(s): Tomasz Sikora Title (English): The Liberal Mind and its Mutants Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013) Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – Skopje  Page Range: 63-70 Page Count: 8 Citation (English): Tomasz Sikora, “The Liberal Mind and its Mutants,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013): 63-70.


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Nuraedah Nuraedah

The objectives of this study are reveal type of traditional action of villagers in Sigi Regency, to reveal transformational process of traditional people in Sigi Regency, and to disclose the consequence change from tradition to transformation among villagers in Sigi Regency. The research is of qualitative research with histo-sociological approach. Source of data are collected from words and behavior or act observed from informant trough observations and interviews through interaction between writer and local residents, to the trace of documentation about past happenings and facts, about expansion of Dutch colonialism in the land of Sigi, and also from personal documentation possessed by certain clan. The findings show that type of traditional action in Sigi Regency is the realization of of prower and dignity in which the actors are respectively magau, jogugu, galara, pabicara, punggawa, kalula and to tua ada’ of the past time and puempanga, bayasa, bule and topodondi in current time. Traditional people of Sigi Regency transform though historical transformation, clan differentiation and community difference in terms of social and economic characteristics. Consequences of change from traditional to transformative based on: a) inter-clan (fam) social cohesion due to the existence of high sentiment as for personal feeling come from the same clan, b) inter-clan social mobility, and c) conflict between older and younger generation. Research findings show that historical process leaves much less room for evolution to establish irrational and rational social arrangement among villagers based on the condition and tradition to transformation they follow. Condition and arrangement they follow is socially and economically measurable in a representative study through historical sociology.


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