Biogeographical patterns and mechanisms of microbial community assembly that underlie successional biocrusts across northern China

Biocrusts play critical eco-functions in many drylands, however it is challenging to explore their community assembly, particularly within patched successional types and across climate zones. Here, different successional biocrusts (alga, lichen, and moss-dominated biocrusts) were collected across the northern China, and assembly of biocrust microbial communities was investigated by high-throughput sequencing combined with measurements of soil properties and microclimate environments. Bacterial and eukaryotic communities showed that the maximum and minimum community variation occurred across longitude and latitude, respectively. In the regions where all three stages of biocrusts were involved, the highest community difference existed between successional stages, and decreased with distance. The community assembly was generally driven by dispersal limitation, although neutral processes have controlled the eukaryotic community assembly in hyperarid areas. Along the succession, bacterial community had no obvious patterns, but eukaryotic community showed increasing homogeneity, with increased species sorting and decreased dispersal limitation for community assembly. Compared to early successional biocrusts, there were higher microbial mutual exclusions and more complex networks at later stages, with distinct topological features. Correlation analysis further indicated that the balance between deterministic and stochastic processes might be mediated by aridity, salinity, and total phosphorus, although the mediations were opposite for bacteria and eukaryotes.

The “Strings Attached” to Community Difference and Potential Pathways to Fire Adaptiveness in the Wildland Urban Interface

This article identifies specific social characteristics in two wildland urban interface communities that may have significant impacts on the ability of those communities to adapt to wildfire. Researchers used a mixed-methods approach to triangulate results to identify potential views and motives surrounding three important behaviors and values related to crafting potential strategies to mitigate wildfire risk. The analysis of quantitative data in the form of responses to Likert-type questions and qualitative data in the form of responses to questions asked during focus group sessions yielded a deeper understanding of the way the terms independence and trust are conceptualized from one community to another. Understanding what these concepts mean in the context of a given community is essential to understanding how to move forward with strategies to reduce risk and eliminate potential barriers to doing so. Study Implications Two important social characteristics of wildland urban interface (WUI) communities are trust and independence. Trust and independence look different in different types of communities. The two terms also encapsulate a range of meanings that vary depending on local social context. Being able to identify what types of trust and independence are present in a particular WUI community can help practitioners craft wildfire risk reduction strategies that are most likely to be well received and successfully integrated into individual WUI communities. This article offers examples of how these characteristics manifest themselves in two different communities in the Pacific Northwest.

WHO, ME, WORRIED?: A LOOK AT BRAIN HEALTH AND STRESS AMONG RESIDENTS IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DIFFERENT AREAS

The 2018 AARP Brain Health and Mental Well-Being Survey reveals Millennials (age 22 to 37) have the highest level of stress while those in the Silent/Greatest Generation (over 73) have the lowest. Adults in their 50s and beyond have higher average mental well-being scores compared to younger adults. On a scale of mental well-being with an average score of 52, the average well-being for those age 18-39 is about 50, compared to about 54 for those 60 and older. This presentation will highlight generational difference in mental well-being and will examine community difference for older adults particularly those who reside in metropolitan areas compared to non-metropolitan areas.

Justicia distributiva : Distributive Justice

Resumen: En este artículo se realiza un breve recorrido por las teorías de la justicia distributiva más influyentes, partiendo de John Rawls y terminando con los principios propuestos por Martha Nussbaum para el desarrollo de una justicia global. En ese recorrido veremos cómo responden esas teorías a tres preguntas: qué se distribuye, cómo se distribuye y entre quiénes se distribuye. Esto nos permitirá comparar sus fundamentos y sus principios de distribución justa, así como comprender mejor sus límites. Palabras clave: bienes primarios, capacidades, comunidad, igualdad, justicia global, principio de diferencia, renta básica, suerte, utilitarismo. Abstract: This article offers a brief overview of the most influential theories of distributive justice, starting with John Rawls and ending up with Martha Nussbaum´s principles for a global justice. Along this way we will see how they answer these three questions: what to distribute, how it is distributed and among whom it is distributed. This will allow us to compare its foundations and principles of fair distribution, as well as to better understand its limits. Keywords: basic income, capabilities, community, difference principle, equality, global justice, luck, primary goods, utilitarianism.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS KUPU-KUPU DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM SURANADI, LOMBOK BARAT

Abstrak : Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi merupakan satu dari 11 kawasan konservasi di Nusa Tenggara Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif eksploratif dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas kupu-kupu di TWA Suranadi Lombok Barat.Pengambilan data dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali pengulangan dalam waktu 2 bulan (April – Mei 2017) pada pagi dan sore hari. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan metode survei dengan teknik sweeping net mengikuti empat jalur pengamatan yakni jalur tepi kiri hutan, jalur tepi kanan hutan, jalur tengah dan jalur air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 5 famili kupu-kupu ditemukan di TWA Suranasi (Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae dan Hesperiidae). Nymphalidae merupakan famili yang memiliki proporsi terbesar dari total proporsi kupu-kupu di TWA Suranadi yakni 35,7% sedangkan proporsi terendah yakni family Hesperiidae (0,9%).Proporsi famili kupu-kupu pada masing-masing jalur ditemukan berbeda. Famili Nymphalidae ditemukan memiliki proporsi tinggi pada dua jalur berbeda yakni jalur kiri (35,3%)dan kanan (37,0%), sedangkan pada jalur air proporsi tertinggi dimiliki oleh Papilionidae (34,1%), dan Pieridae (50,0%) pada jalur tengah. Proporsi terendah dimiliki oleh dua famili yakni famili Hesperiidae pada tiga jalur yakni 0,7% (kiri) 1,0% (kanan), tengah (2,1%), dan famili Lycaenidae (17,1%) pada jalur air. Struktur komunitas kupu-kupu berbeda-beda tiap jalur pengamatan karena perbedan karakteristik habitat di Taman Wisata Alam Suranadi.Kata kunci : Struktur Komunitas, Kupu-kupu, TWA SuranadiAbstract : Suranadi natural park is one of 11 conservation area in West Nusa Tenggara.This research is an explorative descriptive study with aim to know the structure of the Butterfly community in Suranadi Natural Park, West Lombok. Data retrieval is done in 4 repetitions within 2 months (April-May 2017) in the morning and evening. The method of data collection uses a survey method with sweeping net techniques following four observation paths; first, the left edge of the forest. Second, right edge of the forest, third, middle lane and the last is waterway. The result of the study showed 5 families of butterflies are found in Suranadi Natural Park (Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae dan Hesperiidae). Nymphalidae is the family that has the largest proportion (35.7%) of the total proportion of butterflies in Suranadi Natural park, while the lowest proporstion is the Hesperidae (0.9%). The different proportion of Butterflies families was found in each parth. Nymphalidae family was found highest proportion on two lines; left line (35.3%) and right line (37.0%), whereas in waterway, the high proportion was owned by Papilionidae (34.1%) and Pieridae (50.0%) in Middle line. The lowest proportion is owned by two families; Hesperidae family on three lines ( left (0.7%), Right (1.0%), and middle (2.1%)) and Lycanidae on waterway (17.1%). The structure of the Butterfly community difference of each path due to differences in habitat characteristics.Keywords : Community Structure, Butterfly, TWA Suranadi

DIVERSION FUNCTION OF WAQF LAND USE (Review of Islamic Law and Acts No. 41 Year 2004)

<p>Benefaction is one of facility to increase quality and quantity of worship to Allah has a main foundation that was Al-Qur’an and hadits, because as worship, benefaction has regulated for its legal requirement by Allah SWT. The provisions of benefaction and other worships that will performed by human being as means to close him selves to Allah. This article discussed about stipulation of diversion of benefaction property function according to stipulation of Islamic law (fiqh) and laws No. 41 Year 2004 concerning to benefaction. Related to diversion of function of benefaction property use have happened some perspectives among of several theologians, there was part of theologian prohibited to change function and advantage of such benefaction of property, when such benefaction property in form of a building such as mosque, house and others. But in other hand, some theologians allowed change of function of waqf land during its original form do not changed and it not change to other name of such benefaction property. Such benefaction property which has diverse should be more strategic property, productive and empowered for religion and Islam community. Difference between Islamic law (<em>fiqh</em>) and positive law concerning to diversion of benefaction property function where in provision of <em>fiqh jumhur</em> of theologian was allowed the diversion of benefaction property function so long as do not change purpose of benefaction and do not change the object name which has donated. While the positive law was not regard such things, substantially it fulfilled economic value and productive and it not in opposition to law of sharia provision.</p>

From Tradition to Transformation among Villagers in Sigi Regency (Histo-Sosiological Perspective)

The objectives of this study are reveal type of traditional action of villagers in Sigi Regency, to reveal transformational process of traditional people in Sigi Regency, and to disclose the consequence change from tradition to transformation among villagers in Sigi Regency. The research is of qualitative research with histo-sociological approach. Source of data are collected from words and behavior or act observed from informant trough observations and interviews through interaction between writer and local residents, to the trace of documentation about past happenings and facts, about expansion of Dutch colonialism in the land of Sigi, and also from personal documentation possessed by certain clan. The findings show that type of traditional action in Sigi Regency is the realization of of prower and dignity in which the actors are respectively magau, jogugu, galara, pabicara, punggawa, kalula and to tua ada’ of the past time and puempanga, bayasa, bule and topodondi in current time. Traditional people of Sigi Regency transform though historical transformation, clan differentiation and community difference in terms of social and economic characteristics. Consequences of change from traditional to transformative based on: a) inter-clan (fam) social cohesion due to the existence of high sentiment as for personal feeling come from the same clan, b) inter-clan social mobility, and c) conflict between older and younger generation. Research findings show that historical process leaves much less room for evolution to establish irrational and rational social arrangement among villagers based on the condition and tradition to transformation they follow. Condition and arrangement they follow is socially and economically measurable in a representative study through historical sociology.

The Liberal Mind and its Mutants

The following observations have been occasioned by the 2011 Marvell comic adaptation X-Men: First Class. Rather than a comprehensive analysis of the movie, however, the essay is a collection of more general observations on the modern “liberal mind” and how it imagines and structures community, difference and the political itself. One of my central claims, drawing on the work of Roberto Esposito, is that the modern model of liberal humanism has developed largely in terms of what he calls the “immunization paradigm.” In this model, the inclusion of difference into the political may be interpreted in terms of immunization: a body politic internalizes a certain amount of what seems to constitute a danger in order to immunize itself against that very danger. Present-day liberalism differs from its earlier forms in that it recognizes the idea of difference and folds it into its own projections of a “common good.” But not all forms of difference are equally welcome, and the liberal regime maintains its hegemony by bargaining some kinds of difference against others. One of the key questions for the present, therefore, is which kinds of difference the dominant regime considers more worthy of life and legal protection, and which other kinds are implicitly considered less worthy or, indeed, deserving extinction. Author(s): Tomasz Sikora Title (English): The Liberal Mind and its Mutants Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013) Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – Skopje Page Range: 63-70 Page Count: 8 Citation (English): Tomasz Sikora, “The Liberal Mind and its Mutants,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013): 63-70.