A second order reflection on the concepts of inclusion and exclusion

2017 ◽  
pp. 257-280
Author(s):  
Asmund Born ◽  
Per H. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Order Reflection

Autonomie, Charakter und praktische Vernunft: Überlegungen am Beispiel des Utilitarismus

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jay Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Bernard Williams ◽  
Personal Projects ◽  
Peter Railton ◽  
Order Reflection

AbstractThis paper explores the question whether utilitarianism is compatible with the autonomy of the moral agent. The paper begins by considering Bernard Williams' famous complaint that utilitarianism cannot do justice to the personal projects and commitments constitutive of character. Recent work (by Peter Railton among others) has established that a utilitarian agent need not be free of such personal projects and commitments, and could even affirm them morally at the level of second"order reflection. But a different and more subtle problem confronts this approach: the use of utilitarian principles to justify the cultivation of personal projects and attachments undermines the autonomy to support this objection, according to which autonomy is a matter of acting in a way one can reflectively endorse.

The M Emission Spectrum of68Erbium

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Dellith ◽  
Michael Wendt
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Classical Paper ◽  
Line Type ◽  
Order Reflection

The M emission spectrum of68Er was reinvestigated using wavelength dispersive spectrometry, with a TAP diffracting crystal. By recording the spectra using the second-order reflection, an improved energy resolution was achieved, which is necessary to resolve the M5O3line from the neighboring α M5N7transition. In addition to the five lines/bands tabulated in the classical paper of Bearden, a number of further lines were observed. These are M1N3, M3O1, M2N1, M5O3, M3N1, and M4N3. For all the lines with an energy below the M5absorption structure (M5O3, M3N1, M4N3, and ζ M5N3), an increasing relative intensity with increasing energy of the exciting electrons,E0, was observed. This dependence has its origin in the fact that these lines are normally absorbed whereas Mα (M5N7) and Mβ (M4N6) are additionally affected by anomalous line-type absorption.

Adam Smith’s Foundations for Political Philosophy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schliesser
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Status ◽  
Normative Significance ◽  
Order Reflection

This chapter sketches Adam Smith’s political philosophy, which is the activity of a citizen belonging to a particular community at given time and place. This project is neither exclusively descriptive nor only focused on what is commonly thought attainable. For Smith, the historical baseline of one’s time has normative significance. He does not resist changes from the status quo, but whatever changes he proposes are constrained by existing institutional arrangements. Part of the philosopher’s task is to offer visions of society that, while not impossible, are more just and more reasonable. One way in which such a vision can be offered is via historical narrative, which reveals the nature of that baseline and makes visible a second-order reflection on the ways it might be altered. In doing so, the philosopher offers an image that may speak simultaneously to one’s own society and those in others, including future ones.

Revolution or Rejection?

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-429
Author(s):  
John Cavadini
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Second Order ◽  
American Catholicism ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Humanae Vitae ◽  
Level I ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Order Reflection

Mark S. Massa’s The Structure of Theological Revolutions: How the Fight Over Birth Control Transformed American Catholicism is a study on two levels. On one level, it is a study of the responses of select American moral theologians to Pope Paul VI’s 1968 encyclical on contraception, Humanae vitae (hereafter, HV). On another level, it is a second-order reflection on these theological responses, using them as data, as it were, for a theory about how theology changes or does not change over time. The book certainly succeeds on the first level. I am not sure, however, that that success translates easily to the second level. To the extent that it is possible, I would like to work with these levels successively, even if, for Massa, the two are accomplished simultaneously, since the narration of the “brilliance” (passim) of the individuals treated is tied to the narration of how each of them radically broke with the paradigm of natural law that Massa claims is enshrined in HV.

scholarly journals 02. Social Pathologies, Reflexive Pathologies, and the Idea of Higher-Order Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arto Laitinen
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Order Reflection

This paper critically examines Christopher Zurn’s suggestion mentioned above that various social pathologies (pathologies of ideological recognition, maldistribution, invisibilization, rationality distortions, reification and institutionally forced self-realization) share the structure of being ‘second-order disorders’: that is, that they each entail ‘constitutive disconnects between first-order contents and secondorder reflexive comprehension of those contents, where those disconnects are pervasive and socially caused’ (Zurn, 2011, 345-346). The paper argues that the cases even as discussed by Zurn do not actually match that characterization, but that it would be premature to conclude that they are not thereby social pathologies, or that they do not have a structure in common. It is just that the structure is more complex than originally described, covering pervasive socially caused evils (i) in the social reality, (ii) in the first order experiences and understandings, (iii) in the second order reflection as discussed by Zurn, and also (iv) in the ‘third order’ phenomenon concerning the pre-emptive silencing or nullification of social criticism even before it takes place 

scholarly journals Second order reflection from crystals used in soft X-ray spectroscopy

Nukleonika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-265
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Książek
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Second Order ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Reflection

Abstract In this note the ratio of the second to the first order reflection is determined for the KAP and PbSt crystals, for wavelengths corresponding to the Al K-line emission. The source of the radiation was a low-voltage stabilized X-ray tube. The X-rays were detected with a Bragg spectrometer equipped with a proportional counter detector. The signal measured by the proportional counter was subsequently pulse height analyzed.

scholarly journals Characterization of Second-Order Reflection Bands from a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Cell Based on a Wavelength-Swept Laser

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4643
Author(s):  
Soyeon Ahn ◽  
Myeong Ock Ko ◽  
Jong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Zhongping Chen ◽  
Min Yong Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Wavelength Shift ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Reflection Band ◽  
Order Reflection

We report the results of an experimental study of the characterization of second-order reflection bands from a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) cell that depends on the applied electric field, using a wide bandwidth wavelength-swept laser. The second-order reflection bands around 1300 nm and 1500 nm were observed using an optical spectrum analyzer when an electric field was applied to a horizontally oriented electrode cell with a pitch of 1.77 μm. A second-order reflection spectrum began to appear when the intensity of the electric field was 1.03 Vrms/μm with the angle of incidence to the CLC cell fixed at 36°. The reflectance increased as the intensity of the electric field increased at an angle of incidence of 20°, whereas at an incident angle of 36°, when an electric field of a predetermined value or more was applied to the CLC cell, it was confirmed that deformation was completely formed in the liquid crystal and the reflectance was saturated to a constant level. As the intensity of the electric field increased further, the reflection band shifted to a longer wavelength and discontinuous wavelength shift due to the pitch jump was observed rather than a continuous wavelength increase. In addition, the reflection band changed when the angle of incidence on the CLC cell was changed. As the angle of incidence gradually increased, the center wavelength of the reflection band moved towards shorter wavelengths. In the future, we intend to develop a device for optical wavelength filters based on side-polished optical fibers. This is expected to have a potential application as a wavelength notch filter or a bandpass filter.

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