GOELRO plan is 100 years old

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Pavel A. BUTYRIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
State Plan

The historical context in which the State Plan for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO) was developed, establishment of the GOELRO Commission, the GOELRO Plan content, the specific features of its implementation, and the role of the plan in the soviet period of Russia’s history are considered. Attention is paid to the electrification plants of other countries and territories of all inhabited continents, and to the participation of states in the electrification of countries and regions with small-scale and agricultural production in the 1920 s. The specific features pertinent to the electrification of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic are pointed out, namely, low starting conditions (in 1923, the energy consumption per capita in Russia was 100 times lower than that in Norway), its being state-owned in nature and revolutionary in its purpose: to get done with the main upheavals in the country and to shift the national economy for fore efficient production. The role of V.I. Lenin and G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, who were the initiators of the electrification of Russia, is analyzed in detail. A conclusion is drawn about the need to study both the GOELRO Plan itself and the specific features and circumstances of its implementation within the framework of training modern specialists in electrical engineering.

Wachstum und Wertleistung der Douglasie in Abhängigkeit von der Standraumgestaltung

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Klädtke ◽  
Ulrich Kohnle ◽  
Edgar Kublin ◽  
Andreas Ehring ◽  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Monetary Analysis ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Tree Number ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Further Development

Growth and value production of Douglas-fir under varying stand densities The investigation is focused on the effects of initial tree number and thinning on growth and value performance of Douglas-fir stands. Data base is a coordinated Douglas-fir spacing experiment in South Germany, started 40 years ago and comprising variants of tree numbers with 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Douglas-firs per hectare. The treatment was performed according to a standardized experiment program. The results show that at low initial tree numbers, the diameter on breast height (DBH) of (pre)dominant trees at the beginning of the observations (with 12 m top height) is bigger than at higher initial plant numbers. Accordingly, the quotient of height (H) to DBH (as an indicator for tree's static stability) is lower. The further development of DBH and H/DBH quotient is decisively determined by stand treatment, which superimposes the effect of the initial tree number. The total volume growth shows a clear differentiation, too, the variants with initially high tree numbers appearing on top. In the monetary analysis, this ranking is reversed: despite a supposed inferior wood quality, the variants with lower initial tree numbers clearly outperform the ones with higher numbers in terms of value. From these results, the following silvicultural recommendations for Douglas-fir can be derived: the initial tree numbers should be in the range from 1,000 to 2,000 plants per hectare. On technically not accessible sites, even lower tree numbers may come into question. The strong influence of stand treatment on DBH and H/DBH development highlights the problem of postponed thinnings, for this causes growth and stability losses even under favorable starting conditions in terms of competition.

scholarly journals State of Art of Using Biofuels in Spark Ignition Engines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 779
Author(s):  
Ashraf Elfasakhany
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Cold Starting ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
State Of Art

Biofuels are receiving increased scientific attention, and recently different biofuels have been proposed for spark ignition engines. This paper presents the state of art of using biofuels in spark ignition engines (SIE). Different biofuels, mainly ethanol, methanol, i-butanol-n-butanol, and acetone, are blended together in single dual issues and evaluated as renewables for SIE. The biofuels were compared with each other as well as with the fossil fuel in SIE. Future biofuels for SIE are highlighted. A proposed method to reduce automobile emissions and reformulate the emissions into new fuels is presented and discussed. The benefits and weaknesses of using biofuels in SIE are summarized. The study established that ethanol has several benefits as a biofuel for SIE; it enhanced engine performance and decreased pollutant emissions significantly; however, ethanol showed some drawbacks, which cause problems in cold starting conditions and, additionally, the engine may suffer from a vapor lock situation. Methanol also showed improvements in engine emissions/performance similarly to ethanol, but it is poisonous biofuel and it has some sort of incompatibility with engine materials/systems; its being miscible with water is another disadvantage. The lowest engine performance was displayed by n-butanol and i-butanol biofuels, and they also showed the greatest amount of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and CO emissions, but the lowest greenhouse effect. Ethanol and methanol introduced the highest engine performance, but they also showed the greatest CO2 emissions. Acetone introduced a moderate engine performance and the best/lowest CO and UHC emissions. Single biofuel blends are also compared with dual ones, and the results showed the benefits of the dual ones. The study concluded that the next generation of biofuels is expected to be dual blended biofuels. Different dual biofuel blends are also compared with each other, and the results showed that the ethanol–methanol (EM) biofuel is superior in comparison with n-butanol–i-butanol (niB) and i-butanol–ethanol (iBE).

The determination of starting conditions for modifier optimization in reversed-phase HPLC

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. de Galan ◽  
D. P. Herman ◽  
H. A. H. Billiet
Keyword(s):  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Reversed Phase Hplc ◽  
Starting Conditions

Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in a confined region

1969 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Baines ◽  
J. S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Constant Cross Section ◽  
General Shape ◽  
Turbulent Environment ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Upward Velocity ◽  
Local Mean

This paper considers the effect of continuous convection from small sources of buoyancy on the properties of the environment when the region of interest is bounded. The main assumptions are that the entrainment into the turbulent buoyant region is at a rate proportional to the local mean upward velocity, and that the buoyant elements spread out at the top of the region and become part of the non-turbulent environment at that level. Asymptotic solutions, valid at large times, are obtained for the cases of plumes from point and line sources and also periodically released thermals. These all have the properties that the environment is stably stratified, with the density profile fixed in shape, changing at a uniform rate in time at all levels, and everywhere descending (with ascending buoyant elements).The analysis is carried out in detail for the point source in an environment of constant cross-section. Laboratory experiments have been conducted for this case, and these verify the major predictions of the theory. It is then shown how the method can be extended to include more realistic starting conditions for the convection, and a general shape of bounded environment. Finally, the model is applied quantitatively to a variety of problems in engineering, the atmosphere and the ocean, and the limitations on its use are discussed.

DETERMINISTIC CHAOS IN AN INTERPHASE LAYER OF A LIQUID–VAPOR SYSTEM

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 3671-3678
Author(s):  
G. P. BYSTRAI ◽  
S. I. IVANOVA ◽  
S. I. STUDENOK
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Chaotic Dynamics ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Homogeneous Layer ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Evaporation And Condensation ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Kolmogorov's Entropy ◽  
Dimensional Mapping

A second-order nonlinear differential equation with an aftereffect for the density of a thin homogeneous layer on a liquid and vapor interface is considered. The acts of evaporation and condensation of molecules, which are regarded as periodic "impacts", excite the layer. The mentioned NDE is integrated over a finite time interval to find a 2D (two-dimensional) mapping whose numerical solution describes the chaotic dynamics of density and pressure in time. The algorithms of constructing bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov's exponents and Kolmogorov's entropy for systems with first-order, second-order phase transitions and Van der Waals' systems were elaborated. This approach allows to associate such concepts as phase transition, deterministic chaos and nonlinear processes. It also allows to answer a question whether deterministic chaos occurs in systems with phase transitions and how fast the information about starting conditions is lost within them.

Torque Oscillations of Synchronous Motors Under Starting Conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol IA-23 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime De La Ree Lopez ◽  
Howard B. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Synchronous Motors ◽  
Starting Conditions

Transitions Through Period Doubling Route to Chaos

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Evan-lwanowski ◽  
Chu-Ho Lu
Keyword(s):  
Period Doubling ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Spatial System ◽  
Stationary Bifurcation ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Route To Chaos ◽  
Parameter Values

Abstract The Duffing driven, damped, “softening” oscillator has been analyzed for transition through period doubling route to chaos. The forcing frequency and amplitude have been varied in time (constant sweep). The stationary 2T, 4T… chaos regions have been determined and used as the starting conditions for nonstationary regimes, consisting of the transition along the Ω(t)=Ω0±α2t,f=const., Ω-line, and along the E-line: Ω(t)=Ω0±α2t;f(t)=f0∓α2t. The results are new, revealing, puzzling and complex. The nonstationary penetration phenomena (delay, memory) has been observed for a single and two-control nonstationary parameters. The rate of penetrations tends to zero with increasing sweeps, delaying thus the nonstationary chaos relative to the stationary chaos by a constant value. A bifurcation discontinuity has been uncovered at the stationary 2T bifurcation: the 2T bifurcation discontinuity drops from the upper branches of (a, Ω) or (a, f) curves to their lower branches. The bifurcation drops occur at the different control parameter values from the response x(t) discontinuities. The stationary bifurcation discontinuities are annihilated in the nonstationary bifurcation cascade to chaos — they reside entirely on the upper or lower nonstationary branches. A puzzling drop (jump) of the chaotic bifurcation bands has been observed for reversed sweeps. Extreme sensitivity of the nonstationary bifurcations to the starting conditions manifests itself in the flip-flop (mirror image) phenomena. The knowledge of the bifurcations allows for accurate reconstruction of the spatial system itself. The results obtained may model mathematically a number of engineering and physical systems.

High-Cycle Fatigue of Shafts due to Starting Transients in Drive Systems

1988 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
S G Velonias ◽  
N A Aspragathos
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Speed Reducer ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
General Drive ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
Non Linear System ◽  
Spring Constants

This paper investigates some of the effects that structural characteristics and main non-linearities of a drive system have on systems response and its shaft fatigue. In the suggested approach a general drive system, including a motor, load and speed reducers, is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom torsional vibrations non-linear system. The differential equations of the system are formed automatically. The user of the developed program must input just the constants of the components. An algorithm to compute the loss of life of the shafts due to fatigue is also incorporated into the program. As an example, a drive system, including a motor, a speed reducer and load is modelled and tested under starting conditions. The effects of changing spring constants of the shafts and the backlash of the speed reducer are investigated.

Regionale Kompetenzzyklen – Zur Bedeutung von Produktlebenszyklus- und Clusteransätzen im regionalen Kontext

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunther Tichy
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
New Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Product Cycle ◽  
Literal Sense ◽  
Information Density ◽  
Accelerating Expansion ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Regional Product

AbstractModelling the path of the regional product cycle and adding dynamic and stochastic aspects suggests the likelihood of multiple equilibria; bunches of divergent paths of the product cycle may result, depending on starting conditions and parameter size. Narrow clusters of traditional products based on localisation economies, for instance, are quite likely to age, following the traditional bell-shaped path: accelerating expansion, congestion and Saturation, sclerosis and decline. Clusters based on urbanisation economies, on the other hand, face a much lower probability of aging, and if they do, they tend to pass the stages more slowly; their greater adaptability results from the higher information density of the region. Regions characterised by coexistence of several clusters are the ones most likely to avoid aging. Neither theoretical arguments nor historical examples, however, can be found in favour of a regional cycle in literal sense: a new product cycle following the declining one necessarily or at least with some likelihood.

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