-Glutamyltransferase Activity and Development of the Metabolic Syndrome (International Diabetes Federation Definition) in Middle-Aged Men and Women: Data From the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort

ObjectivePostprandial (pp) lipid metabolism is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In young men, pp triglycerides (TGs) are more strongly associated with traits of metabolic syndrome (MS) than fasting TGs. We established a cohort of middle-aged men selected for traits of MS and pp lipid metabolism to determine if fasting TGs or pp TGs are more closely related to MS.Research design and methodsA total of 1558 men were characterized for MS. A total of 755 men underwent an oral metabolic tolerance test consisting of a standardized high-fat meal and an oral glucose tolerance test. Blood samples were drawn in the fasting state and hourly until 9 h to determine pp TGs and free fatty acids. Glucose and insulin were analyzed until 5 h pp.ResultsIn the overall cohort, 329 subjects (21.1%) had a complete MS based on the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and 650 subjects (41.7%) had a complete MS based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The association of pp TGs with MS parameters was not stronger than the association of fasting TGs with them. Pp TGs were independently associated with β-cell function.ConclusionsPp TGs did not show a higher correlation with MS traits than fasting TGs. This finding is probably due to the high incidence of overweight subjects in this middle-aged cohort.

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The Increasing Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Finnish Men and Women over a Decade

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2007-1883 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 832-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Gang Hu ◽

Jaana Lindström ◽

Pekka Jousilahti ◽

Markku Peltonen ◽

Lena Sjöberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

National Cholesterol Education Program ◽

Central Obesity ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Population Surveys ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Objective: Our objective was to assess a 10-yr change in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) among Finnish men and women. Design and Subjects: Two cross-sectional population surveys were performed in Finland in 1992 and 2002. A total of 3495 participants aged 45–64 yr were included in the analysis. Results: In both years the metabolic syndrome was more common among men than women. In men the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome tended to increase slightly between 1992 and 2002, from 48.8–52.6% (P = 0.139) based on the NCEP definition, and from 51.4–55.6% based on the IDF definition (P = 0.102). In women the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased significantly from 32.2–39.1% based on the NCEP definition (P = 0.003), and from 38.0–45.3% based on the IDF definition (P = 0.002). In both sexes the prevalence of high blood pressure decreased, but the abnormalities in glucose metabolism increased between 1992 and 2002. The prevalence of central obesity increased in women between 1992 and 2002. Conclusions: In Finland the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, based both on the NCEP and IDF definitions, is higher in men than women. However, the increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, from 1992–2002, was significant only among women.

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The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with body fat distribution in middle-aged individuals from Indonesia and the Netherlands: a cross-sectional analysis of two population-based studies

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome ◽

10.1186/s13098-019-0503-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Fathimah S. Sigit ◽

Dicky L. Tahapary ◽

Stella Trompet ◽

Erliyani Sartono ◽

Ko Willems van Dijk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Dutch Population ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies among populations with different ethnicities. Asian populations develop metabolic complications at lower amounts of adiposity than western populations. The role of abdominal obesity in the metabolic differences between the two populations is poorly understood. Objectives Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the relative contribution of its components in the Indonesian and the Dutch population, as well as to examine the associations of overall and abdominal obesity with metabolic syndrome. Methods In this cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults in the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity Study (n = 6602) and the Indonesian National Health Surveillance (n = 10,575), metabolic syndrome was defined by the unified IDF and AHA/NHLBI criteria. We performed logistic and linear regressions to examine associations of BMI and waist circumference with the metabolic syndrome, mutually adjusted for waist circumference and BMI. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 28% and 46% in Indonesian men and women, and 36% and 24% in Dutch men and women. The most prominent components were hypertension (61%) and hyperglycemia (51%) in the Indonesian, and hypertension (62%) and abdominal obesity (40%) in the Dutch population. Per SD in BMI and waist circumference, odds ratios (ORs, 95% CI) of metabolic syndrome were 1.5 (1.3–1.8) and 2.3 (1.9–2.7) in Indonesian men and 1.7 (1.2–2.5) and 2.9 (2.1–4.1) in Dutch men. The ORs of metabolic syndrome were 1.4 (1.2–1.6) and 2.3 (2.0–2.7) in Indonesian women and 1.0 (0.8–1.3) and 4.2 (3.2–5.4) in Dutch women. Conclusion More Indonesian women than men have metabolic syndrome, whereas the opposite is true for the Dutch population. In both the Indonesian and the Dutch populations, hypertension is the primary contributor to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. In both populations, abdominal adiposity was more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome than overall adiposity.

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Lipid behavior in metabolic syndrome pathophysiology

Current Diabetes Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573399817666210915101321 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Basheer Marzoog

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Lipid Level ◽

Visceral Obesity ◽

Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Response ◽

Cell Dysfunction ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

: Undeniably, lipid plays an extremely important role in the homeostasis balance, since lipid contributes to the regulation of the metabolic processes. The metabolic syndrome pathogenesis is multi-pathway that composes neurohormonal disorders, endothelial cell dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, genetic predisposition, in addition to gut commensal microbiota. The heterogenicity of the possible mechanisms gives the metabolic syndrome its complexity and limitation of therapeutic accesses. The main pathological link that lipid contributes to the emergence of metabolic syndrome via central obesity and visceral obesity that consequently lead to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory response promotion. Physiologically, a balance is kept between the adiponectin and adipokines level to maintain the lipid level in the organism. Clinically, extremely important to define the borders of the lipid level in which the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is reversible, otherwise will be accompanied by irreversible complications and sequelae of the metabolic syndrome (cardiovascular, insulin resistance). The present paper is dedicated to providing novel insights into the role of lipid in the development of metabolic syndrome hence dyslipidemia is the initiator of insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome).

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Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Korean adults using the new International Diabetes Federation definition and the new abdominal obesity criteria for the Korean people

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.009 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 99-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Hee Man Kim ◽

Dae Jung Kim ◽

In Hyun Jung ◽

Chanwang Park ◽

Jong Park

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Korean People ◽

International Diabetes Federation Definition ◽

Korean Adults ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-020-00713-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 12-24

Author(s):

Carolin Reisinger ◽

Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag ◽

Per Morten Fredriksen ◽

Nandu Goswami

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Future Research ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Definition Of

Abstract Introduction The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) describes the clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors—including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, and low levels of high-density lipoproteins—that increase the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, a generally accepted definition of MetS in pediatric patients is still lacking. Objectives The aim was to summarize current prevalence data of childhood MetS as well as to discuss the continuing disagreement between different pediatric definitions and the clinical importance of such diagnosis. Methodology A systematic literature search on the prevalence of pediatric MetS was conducted. Articles that were published during the past 5 years (2014–2019), using at least one of four predetermined classifications (International Diabetes Federation, Cook et al., Ford et al., and de Ferranti et al.), were included. Results The search resulted in 1167 articles, of which 31 publications met all inclusion criteria. Discussion The prevalence of MetS ranged between 0.3 and 26.4%, whereby the rising number of children and adolescents with MetS partly depended on the definition used. The IDF definition generally provided the lowest prevalences (0.3–9.5%), whereas the classification of de Ferranti et al. yielded the highest (4.0–26.4%). In order to develop a more valid definition, further research on long-term consequences of childhood risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is needed. There is also a temptation to suggest one valid, globally accepted definition of metabolic syndrome for pediatric populations but we believe that it is more appropriate to suggest definitions of MetS that are specific to males vs. females, as well as being specific to race/ethnicity or geographic region. Finally, while this notion of definitions of MetS specific to certain subgroups is important, it still needs to be tested in future research.

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Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-8-403 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Lennart Welin ◽

Annika Adlerberth ◽

Kenneth Caidahl ◽

Henry Eriksson ◽

Per-Olof Hansson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT IN METABOLIC SYNDROME

The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine ◽

10.20514/2226-6704-2019-9-5-327-347 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 327-347

Author(s):

E. V. Reznik ◽

I. G. Nikitin

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽

Effective Control ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Therapy Target ◽

Based Medicine

Hypertension is one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic syndrome (synonyms: syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) is characterized by increased visceral fat mass, decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin (insulin resistance) and hyperinsulinemia, which cause disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, and purine metabolism. Hypertension is an integral component of the metabolic syndrome. The severity of hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome is higher in comparison with patients without metabolic disorders. In patients with metabolic syndrome, the probability of cardiac and brain damage increases fivefold, kidney damage threefold, and the vessels twofold. The presence of diabetes reduces the likelihood of achieving effective control of blood pressure by 1.4 times, hypercholesterolemia — by 1.5 times, obesity — by 1.7 times. In the presence of any three factors, the effectiveness of treatment is reduced twofold. In this article, approaches to the management of patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome, aspects of non-drug therapy, target blood pressure levels, and the choice of drugs are presented in accordance with evidence-based medicine and current recommendations.

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