Risk Factors for the Metabolic Syndrome: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985-2001

Abstract Objectives Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) and fish consumption may reduce the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in older adults. We previously reported that MetS components are prevalent among college students. Identifying modifiable risk factors of developing MetS and its components in young adults will inform potential targets to reduce the risk of age-related health conditions. Our objectives were to measure the cross-sectional impacts of n-3 FA and fish consumption on ≥2 or ≥3 MetS criteria and individual criteria among college students. Methods The College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey is an on-going cross-sectional study at a public New England college. We examined data from Jan 2008 – May 2017. After excluding those with missing data our final sample size was n = 4271 for n-3 FA & n = 2072 for fish intake analyses. Diet was assessed by a 3 day food record; MetS criteria were collected in fasted state. We expressed n-3 FAs as g/1000 kcals/d. Servings of fish/week was obtained via an online survey. Individuals were categorized as consuming ≥ 2 servings/week or not. MetS was defined as meeting ≥ 3 criteria: elevated glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, waist circumference, and low HDL. Analyses were conducted by logistic regression. Results The average n-3 FA intake was 0.4 g/1000 kcal/d ± 0.25 & 40% consumed ≥ 2 servings of fish/week. Prevalence estimates for meeting ≥ 2 criteria was 18.8% and 4.8% for MetS. In sex- and energy- adjusted models, n-3 FA consumption was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.71) and ≥2 MetS criteria (OR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.91). Associations were no longer significant after considering additional confounders. Fish consumption was not significantly associated with MetS or ≥2 criteria in any model. Further n-3 FAs and fish consumption was not associated with any individual MetS criteria. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study among college students, n-3 FA and fish consumption were not significantly associated with MetS outcomes. Further research is needed in this population using longitudinal study designs to understand long-term impact of n-3 consumption on the development of MetS and associated cardio metabolic risk factors in young adults. Funding Sources New Hampshire Agriculture Experiment Station and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch Project 1010738.

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Testosterone and the Heart

European Cardiology Review ◽

10.15420/ecr.2019.13.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 103-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael Kirby ◽

Geoffrey Hackett ◽

Sudarshan Ramachandran

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Pde5 Inhibitors ◽

Night Time ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Meta Analyses

The development of a subnormal level of testosterone (T) is not universal in ageing men, with 75% of men retaining normal levels. However, a substantial number of men do develop T deficiency (TD), with many of them carrying a portfolio of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome. TD increases the risk of CV disease (CVD) and the risk of developing T2D and the metabolic syndrome. The key symptoms suggesting low T are sexual in nature, including erectile dysfunction (ED), loss of night-time erections and reduced libido. Many men with heart disease, if asked, admit to ED being present; a problem that is often compounded by drugs used to treat CVD. A large number of studies and meta-analyses have provided evidence of the link between TD and an increase in CVD and total mortality. Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) who have TD have a poor prognosis and this is associated with more frequent admissions and increased mortality compared with those who do not have TD. Conversely, in men with symptoms and documented TD, T therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects, namely improvement in exercise capacity in patients with CHF, improvement of myocardial ischaemia and coronary artery disease. Reductions in BMI and waist circumference, and improvements in glycaemic control and lipid profiles, are observed in T-deficient men receiving T therapy. These effects might be expected to translate into benefits and there are more than 100 studies showing CV benefit or improved CV risk factors with T therapy. There are flawed retrospective and prescribing data studies that have suggested increased mortality in treated men, which has led to regulatory warnings, and one placebo-controlled study demonstrating an increase in coronary artery non-calcified and total plaque volumes in men treated with T, which is open for debate. Men with ED and TD who fail to respond to phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors can be salvaged by treating the TD. There are data to suggest that T and PDE5 inhibitors may act synergistically to reduce CV risk.

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Epigenetic age acceleration and metabolic syndrome in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study

Clinical Epigenetics ◽

10.1186/s13148-019-0767-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Drew R. Nannini ◽

Brian T. Joyce ◽

Yinan Zheng ◽

Tao Gao ◽

Lei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Severity Score ◽

Biological Aging ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽

Epigenetic Age ◽

Epigenetic Age Acceleration

Abstract Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of metabolic disturbances that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown a more adverse metabolic risk profile is associated with more advanced biological aging. The associations between epigenetic biomarkers of age with MetS, however, are not well understood. We therefore investigated the associations between epigenetic age acceleration and MetS severity score and incident MetS. Results A subset of study participants with available whole blood at examination years 15 and 20 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study underwent epigenomic profiling using the Illumina MethylationEPIC Beadchip (~ 850,000 sites). Intrinsic and extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA and EEAA) were calculated from DNA methylation levels. The MetS severity score was positively associated with IEAA at years 15 (P = 0.016) and 20 (P = 0.016) and EEAA at year 20 (P = 0.040) in cross-sectional analysis. IEAA at year 20 was significantly associated with incident MetS at year 30 (OR = 1.05 [95% CI 1.01, 1.10], P = 0.028). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of the longitudinal association between epigenetic age acceleration and MetS. These findings suggest that a higher MetS severity score is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging and such aging may play a role in the development of metabolic disorders, potentially serving as a useful biomarker of and early detection tool for future MetS.

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Prevalence and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in young adults with childhood-onset hypopituitary growth hormone deficiency

Korean Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.3345/kjp.2010.53.10.892 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 892 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Han Hyuk Lim ◽

Min Jae Kang ◽

In Suk Yun ◽

Young Ah Lee ◽

Choong Ho Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Growth Hormone ◽

Young Adults ◽

Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽

Hormone Deficiency ◽

Childhood Onset ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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Duration of Lactation and Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women of Reproductive Age According to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Status: A 20-Year Prospective Study in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db09-1197 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 495-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 142

Author(s):

E. P. Gunderson ◽

D. R. Jacobs ◽

V. Chiang ◽

C. E. Lewis ◽

J. Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Status

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Muscle mass to visceral fat ratio is an important predictor of the metabolic syndrome in college students

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518003392 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 121 (3) ◽

pp. 330-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Robinson Ramírez-Vélez ◽

Antonio Garcia-Hermoso ◽

Daniel Humberto Prieto-Benavides ◽

Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista ◽

Aura Cristina Quino-Ávila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

College Students ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the associations between the muscle mass to visceral fat (MVF) ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population of college students in Colombia and to propose cut-off points of this index for the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 1464 young adults recruited from the FUPRECOL (Asociación de la Fuerza Prensil con Manifestaciones Tempranas de Riesgo Cardiovascular en Jóvenes y Adultos Colombianos) study were categorised into four groups based on their MVF ratio. Muscle mass and visceral fat level of the participants were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cardiometabolic risk factors including lifestyle characteristics, anthropometry, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were assessed. The prevalence of moderate to severe obesity, hypertension and the MetS was higher in subjects in quartile (Q)1 (lower MVF ratio) (P <0·001). ANCOVA revealed that the subjects in Q1 had higher cardiometabolic disturbances, including altered anthropometry, blood pressure, muscle strength and biochemical parameters after adjusting for age and sex compared with young adults in higher MVF ratio quartiles (P <0·001). Muscular mass and physical activity levels were significantly lower in subjects with a lower MVF ratio (P <0·001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that in men the best MVF ratio cut-off point for detecting the MetS was 18·0 (AUC 0·83, sensitivity 78 % and specificity 77 %) and for women, the MVF ratio cut-off point was 13·7 (AUC 0·85, sensitivity 76 % and specificity 87 %). A lower MVF ratio is associated with a higher risk cardiometabolic profile in early adulthood, supporting that the MVF ratio could be used as a complementary screening tool that may help clinicians identify young adults at high cardiometabolic risk.

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Breast-fed infants and their later cardiovascular health: a prospective study from birth to age 32 years

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513003346 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 111 (6) ◽

pp. 1069-1076 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Satu Pirilä ◽

Mervi Taskinen ◽

Heli Viljakainen ◽

Outi Mäkitie ◽

Merja Kajosaari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

The Impact

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of infant breast-feeding on cardiovascular risk in young adults. This unique study group involved 158 subjects (eighty-two females) originally collected prospectively at birth in 1975 and followed up to the age of 32 years. Frequent visits during the first year guaranteed the knowledge of the precise duration of breast-feeding. All infants received at least some breast milk. Participants were assessed for both individual cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, plasma lipids, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and waist circumference) and the general clinical risk of cardiovascular events by calculating the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the metabolic syndrome criteria score (NCEP-ATPIII; National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III). Data on lifestyle factors were carefully collected. Linear regression analyses revealed that the effect of the duration of breast-feeding was not relevant (0·02 decrease in the FRS per one additional breast-feeding month; 95 % CI − 0·19, 0·09). Similarly, the effect of breast-feeding was minor on all of the individual cardiovascular risk factors. We used sex, physical activity, dietary fat and vitamin C, smoking and alcohol consumption as covariates. Again, logistic regression analyses detected no significant impact of the duration of breast-feeding on the risk of the metabolic syndrome according to the NCEP-ATPIII (OR 0·95, 95 % CI 0·8, 1·1). The strongest independent predictor for later CVD risk was male sex. In conclusion, in this prospectively followed cohort of young adults born at term and at weight appropriate for gestational age, the duration of breast-feeding did not have an impact on the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors.

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Frequency of metabolic syndrome in stroke: a study in a tertiary health care centre in north Kerala

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173999 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 4143

Author(s):

Swapna P. K.

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Health Care Centre ◽

Exact Test ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

The Impact

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developing countries beginning to affect young adults. Key components of the metabolic syndrome are important risk factors for stroke. This study intended to study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with stroke. Screening adolescents and young adults for components of metabolic syndrome will prove useful in clinical management, and its elements ultimately become important therapeutic targets for the reduction of stroke burden in the general population.Methods: Data was collected from 150 patients who were admitted with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in the Department of Medicine. Frequency tests were conducted for various risk factors. Chi-square and Fisher exact test were used to test the significance of proportion of study parameters in the classes. The observations in this study were analysed using SPSS software.Results: Metabolic syndrome was present in 46% of the study population. Among the components of the metabolic syndrome, Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor (68%). 67.14% of the population had 2 components of metabolic syndrome which predisposes them to a greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome over a period of few months to years.Conclusions: With the obesity epidemic, the impact of the metabolic syndrome is likely to increase. Thus, diagnosing and adequately managing metabolic syndrome is an important step in the preventing cerebrovascular disease. This study emphasises the need to target the population with one or more components of the metabolic syndrome as they are at high risk of developing stroke in the future.

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