Enamel Etching for Universal Adhesives: Examination of Enamel Etching Protocols for Optimization of Bonding Effectiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
J Wong ◽  
A Tsujimoto ◽  
NG Fischer ◽  
AG Baruth ◽  
WW Barkmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Etching Time ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Staircase Method ◽  
Ground Enamel ◽  
Fatigue Durability ◽  
Universal Adhesives

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether different enamel etching methods with reduced etching times would improve the bonding effectiveness of universal adhesives. Methods and Materials: Three enamel etching methods, phosphoric acid ester monomer (PPM) etching, phosphoric acid (PPA) etching, and polyalkenoic acid (PLA) etching, and three universal adhesives, G-Premio Bond (GP), Prime&Bond elect (PE), and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU), were evaluated. Initial bond strengths and fatigue strengths of universal adhesives to ground enamel and ground enamel etched for less than one, five, 10, and 15 seconds using different etching methods were determined. The bonded fatigue specimens were loaded using a sine wave at a frequency of 20 Hz for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred with a staircase method. Atomic force micrograph (AFM) observations along with measurements of surface Ra roughness and modified surface area of enamel with different etching protocols were also conducted. Results: The bond fatigue durability of universal adhesives to enamel with PPA etching from less than one to 15 seconds and PLA etching for 15 seconds was significantly higher than that to ground enamel. The bond fatigue durability to enamel with PPM etching was not increased compared with ground enamel. The surface Ra roughness and surface area obtained with AFM of enamel increased after PPA and PLA etching, and those values were significantly higher than those of ground enamel. Furthermore, surface Ra roughness and surface area with PPA etching were significantly higher than those with PLA etching. However, surface Ra roughness and surface area of enamel with PPM etching were similar to those of ground enamel regardless of etching time. Conclusion: PPA etching for less than one to 15 seconds and PLA etching for 15 seconds improve universal adhesive bonding, surface Ra roughness, and surface area of enamel. However, PPM etching is not effective, regardless of etching time, in improving bonds strengths, increasing surface roughness, and increasing surface area.

scholarly journals Effect of Oxygen Inhibition Layer of Universal Adhesives on Enamel Bond Fatigue Durability and Interfacial Characteristics With Different Etching Modes

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ouchi ◽  
A Tsujimoto ◽  
K Nojiri ◽  
K Hirai ◽  
T Takamizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sessile Drop ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Inhibition Layer ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Oxygen Inhibition ◽  
Fatigue Durability ◽  
Shear Fatigue ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Interfacial Characteristics

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the oxygen inhibition layer of universal adhesive on enamel bond fatigue durability and interfacial characteristics with different etching modes. Methods: The three universal adhesives used were Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), Adhese Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein), and G-Premio Bond (GC, Tokyo, Japan). The initial shear bond strength and shear fatigue strength to enamel was determined in the presence and absence of the oxygen inhibition layer, with and without phosphoric acid pre-etching. The water contact angle was also measured in all groups using the sessile drop method. Results: The enamel bonding specimens with an oxygen inhibition layer showed significantly higher (p<0.05) initial shear bond strengths and shear fatigue strengths than those without, regardless of the adhesive type and etching mode. Moreover, the water contact angles on the specimens with an oxygen inhibition layer were significantly lower (p<0.05) than on those without, regardless of etching mode. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the oxygen inhibition layer of universal adhesives significantly increases the enamel bond fatigue durability and greatly changes interfacial characteristics, suggesting that the bond fatigue durability and interfacial characteristics of these adhesives strongly rely on its presence.

Effect of Reduced Universal Adhesive Application Time on Enamel Bond Fatigue and Surface Morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Nagura ◽  
A Tsujimoto ◽  
NG Fischer ◽  
AG Baruth ◽  
WW Barkmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Shear Fatigue ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Geometric Surface ◽  
Geometric Surface Area

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduced application times of universal adhesives on enamel bond fatigue and surface morphology of the treated enamel with constant force atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods: Four universal adhesives—Adhese Universal (AU), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CU), G-Premio Bond (GP), and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU)—were evaluated in a laboratory for their ability to adhesively bond resin composite to enamel. Shear bond strengths were initially determined using 15 specimens per test group for each adhesive. Shear fatigue strengths were then determined using 20 specimens per test group for each the adhesives. The fatigue specimens were loaded using a sine wave at a frequency of 20 Hz for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred. AFM observations, surface Ra roughness measurements, and geometric surface area evaluations of enamel surface treated with the adhesive agents were also conducted. Results: A strong relationship was found between the initial shear bond strength and shear fatigue strength for enamel surface Ra roughness but not for geometric surface area. The initial shear bond strength and shear fatigue strength of CU and GP were not influenced by different application times, unlike those of AU and SU. While the surface area of enamel treated with the adhesive agents was not significantly influenced by different application times and type of adhesive, surface Ra roughness of the enamel in the AU and SU groups significantly increased with increasing application time, unlike CU and GP. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that universal adhesives, used with reduced application times, have adequate Ra surface roughness to provide sufficient resistance to enamel bond fatigue at application times from <1 second to 20 seconds, while the geometric surface area of adhesive-treated enamel did not show any significant changes at these different application times.

scholarly journals Comparison of enamel bond fatigue durability between universal adhesives and two-step self-etch adhesives: Effect of phosphoric acid pre-etching

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunichi SUDA ◽  
Akimasa TSUJIMOTO ◽  
Wayne W. BARKMEIER ◽  
Kie NOJIRI ◽  
Yuko NAGURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Fatigue Durability ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Self Etch

Enamel Bond Strength of New Universal Adhesive Bonding Agents

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE McLean ◽  
EJ Meyers ◽  
VL Guillory ◽  
KS Vandewalle
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Shear Failure ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Bonding Agents ◽  
Etch And Rinse ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Self Etch

SUMMARY Purpose Universal bonding agents have been introduced for use as self-etch or etch-and-rinse adhesives depending on the dental substrate and clinician's preference. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite to enamel using universal adhesives compared to a self-etch adhesive when applied in self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes over time. Methods and Materials Extracted human third molars were used to create 120 enamel specimens. The specimens were ground flat and randomly divided into three groups: two universal adhesives and one self-etch adhesive. Each group was then subdivided, with half the specimens bonded in self-etch mode and half in etch-and-rinse mode. The adhesives were applied as per manufacturers' instructions, and composite was bonded using a standardized mold and cured incrementally. The groups were further divided into two subgroups with 10 specimens each. One subgroup was stored for 24 hours and the second for six months in 37°C distilled water and tested in shear. Failure mode was also determined for each specimen. Results A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found a significant difference between groups based on bonding agent (p<0.001) and surface treatment (p<0.001) but not on time (p=0.943), with no significant interaction (p>0.05). Clearfil SE in etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes had more mixed fractures than either universal adhesive in either mode. Conclusions Etching enamel significantly increased the SBS of composite to enamel. Clearfil SE had significantly greater bond strength to enamel than either universal adhesive, which were not significantly different from each other.

Técnica de mascaramento de substrato escurecido com lente de contato dental cimentada sobre faceta menos translúcida

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (37) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Lara Pepita de Souza Oliveira ◽  
Rebeka de Oliveira Reis ◽  
Ely Moacyr de Souza Portela ◽  
Sybilla Torres Dias ◽  
Cristiane Maria Brasil Leal
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Intermediate Structure ◽  
Dental Ceramics ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Satisfaction With Treatment ◽  
Natural Teeth ◽  
Smile Aesthetics

Dental ceramics have an excellent ability to reproduce natural teeth appearance, but once the substrate has an altered coloration, it is necessary to mask this intercurrence, considering the characteristics of the ceramic and cement selected. This article aims to present a clinical case of rehabilitation with ceramic laminates to mask a darkened central incisor by planning a more opaque porcelain structure under a translucent contact lens. A female patient sought dental care complaining of dissatisfaction with smile aesthetics. It was clinically identified the presence of a Class IV darkened restoration in composite resin in element 11. In treatment planning harmony in the shape and color of elements 11 and 21 was aimed at through lithium disilicate lenses. An opaque intermediate structure was used to cover the darkening in tooth 11. The double molding technique was performed to obtain the working model. Prior to cementing, the surfaces were treated. In ceramics, conditioning with 10% hydrofluoric acid and 37% phosphoric acid, silane application and universal adhesive; in dental substrate, conditioning with 37% phosphoric acid and application of universal adhesive were performed. In laminates definitive cementation Allcem Venner cement was chosen. Patient reported satisfaction with treatment final aesthetics. Thus, cementation technique of a translucent laminate over an opaque facet is a good option for masking substrates with darkened coloration.

High Bond Durability of Universal Adhesives on Glass Ceramics Facilitated by Silane Pretreatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Yao ◽  
H Yang ◽  
J Yu ◽  
L Zhang ◽  
Y Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Single Bond ◽  
Thermal Cycles ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Resin Bonding

SUMMARY Objective: This study aimed to investigate the long-term effectiveness of ceramic–resin bonding with universal adhesives in non–silane-pretreated and silane-pretreated modes after 10,000 cycles of thermal aging. Methods and Materials: All Bond Universal, Adhese Universal, Clearfil Universal Bond, and Single Bond Universal were selected. Etched lithium disilicate glass ceramics were prepared, randomly assigned to groups, and pretreated with or without ceramic primer containing silane coupling agent prior to the application of universal adhesive (ie, silane-pretreated or non–silane-pretreated mode). The shear bond strength (SBS), microleakage, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy images of the ceramic–resin interfaces were examined after 24 hours of water storage or 10,000 thermal cycles. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were performed to analyze marginal sealing ability. Results: SBS and microleakage percentage were significantly affected by bonding procedure (non–silane-pretreated or silane-pretreated mode) and aging (24 hours or 10,000 thermal cycles). After the universal adhesives in the non–silane-pretreated mode were aged, SBS significantly decreased and microleakage percentage increased. By contrast, the SBS of Adhese Universal, Clearfil Universal Bond, and Single Bond Universal decreased, and the microleakage percentage of all of the adhesives increased in the silane-pretreated mode. However, after aging, the SBS of the silane-pretreated groups were higher and their microleakage percentages lower than those of the non–pretreated groups. In the non–silane-pretreated mode, adhesive failure was dominant and gaps between composite resin and the adhesive layer were significant when observed with CLSM. Conclusions: The simplified procedure reduced the ceramic–resin bonding effectiveness of universal adhesives after aging, and additional silane pretreatment helped improve the long-term durability.

Chlorhexidine-containing phosphoric acid compromises bonding stability of universal adhesive

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. e49
Author(s):  
L.S. Da Rosa ◽  
A.C. Follak ◽  
T.L. Lenzi ◽  
R.O. Rocha ◽  
F.Z.M. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Universal Adhesive

Effect of Different Protocols in Preconditioning With EDTA in Sclerotic Dentin and Enamel Before Universal Adhesives Applied in Self-etch Mode

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Martini ◽  
SO Parreiras ◽  
MF Gutierrez ◽  
AD Loguercio ◽  
A Reis
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Microtensile Bond Strength ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Etching Pattern ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Microshear Bond Strength ◽  
Self Etch ◽  
Main Factor

SUMMARY Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different protocols of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) conditioning on the etching pattern and immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel and sclerotic dentin. Methods and Materials: Forty bovine teeth with sclerotic dentin and 20 human third molars were randomly divided into eight groups resulting from the combination of the main factors surface treatment (none, two-minute EDTA conditioning manual application, 30-second EDTA manual application, 30-second EDTA sonic application) and adhesives systems (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU] and Prime & Bond Elect [PBE]). Resin-dentin and enamel-dentin bond specimens were prepared and tested under the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and microshear bond strength (μSBS) tests, respectively. The etching pattern produced on the unground enamel and the sclerotic dentin surfaces under the different protocols and adhesive systems was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy. Results: For enamel, only the main factor adhesive was significant (p<0.0001), with SBU showing the highest μSBS. In sclerotic dentin, the lowest mean was observed for the group without EDTA application and the highest mean in the group with EDTA application with the sonic device for 30 seconds. Regardless of the EDTA protocol, the highest means of μTBS were observed for SBU (p<0.05). Conclusions: EDTA conditioning improves the bonding performance of universal adhesives in the self-etch mode on sclerotic dentin, mainly when applied for 30 seconds with the aid of a sonic device. EDTA pretreatment also improves the retentive etching pattern of enamel, but it does not result in higher enamel bond strength.

scholarly journals Straightforward Immobilization of Phosphonic Acids and Phosphoric Acid Esters on Mesoporous Silica and Their Application in an Asymmetric Aldol Reaction

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Weinberger ◽  
Tatjana Heckel ◽  
Patrick Schnippering ◽  
Markus Schmitz ◽  
Anpeng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Aldol Reaction ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Mesoporous Silicas ◽  
Phosphonic Acids ◽  
Asymmetric Aldol ◽  
Asymmetric Aldol Reaction ◽  
Acid Esters

The combined benefits of moisture-stable phosphonic acids and mesoporous silica materials (SBA-15 and MCM-41) as large-surface-area solid supports offer new opportunities for several applications, such as catalysis or drug delivery. We present a comprehensive study of a straightforward synthesis method via direct immobilization of several phosphonic acids and phosphoric acid esters on various mesoporous silicas in a Dean–Stark apparatus with toluene as the solvent. Due to the utilization of azeotropic distillation, there was no need to dry phosphonic acids, phosphoric acid esters, solvents, or silicas prior to synthesis. In addition to modeling phosphonic acids, immobilization of the important biomolecule adenosine monophosphate (AMP) on the porous supports was also investigated. Due to the high surface area of the mesoporous silicas, a possible catalytic application based on immobilization of an organocatalyst for an asymmetric aldol reaction is discussed.

scholarly journals Dentin Bonding and SEM Analysis of a New Experimental Universal Adhesive System Containing a Dendrimer

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Vasconcelos e Cruz ◽  
Mário Polido ◽  
José Brito ◽  
Luisa L. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Adhesive System ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Universal Adhesive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Universal Adhesives ◽  
Self Etch

Due to their polymerization characteristics, hyper-branched dendrimers have lately shown to be promising candidates for use in dental materials. In this study, a new dental adhesive system was prepared, using a dendrimer derived from 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (G-IEMA), and its adhesive properties were investigated. The exposed dentin was treated with four universal adhesives (UAs): SBU (Scotchbond Universal™), FUT (Futurabond M+™), AE1 (experimental adhesive with Bis-GMA) and AE2 (experimental adhesive with G-IEMA), using Etch & Rinse (ER) or Self Etch (SE) protocols. Composite build-ups were prepared and stored for 24 h at 37 °C in distilled water. Composite/dentin beams were prepared with cross-sectional areas of 1 ± 0.3 mm2 and µTBS (Micro-tensile bond strength) test was performed at 0.5 mm/min. Failures modes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, and bonding interfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis of µTBS data was performed using General Linear (GLM) and Linear Mixed Models (LMM). The effect of adhesive type on µTBS was significant (p = 0.010), with AE1 presenting significantly higher µTBS than SBU (p = 0.019). No other differences between adhesives were observed. ER showed significantly better results than SE (p = 0.019), and no significant interactions between the adhesives and protocols were determined. Results obtained so far pinpoint the emergence of a new paradigm in the dental materials field, as G-IEMA can be used successfully as an alternative to Bis-GMA.

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