Effect of Operator Experience on Ability to Place Sequential, 2-mm-thick Increments of Composite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Sword ◽  
W Bachand ◽  
B Mears ◽  
L Quibeuf ◽  
S Looney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Experience Level ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The Mean

Because an operator has only about one chance out of three to place a composite increment within this clinically acceptable range, clinicians are advised to use an instrument (e.g., a periodontal probe with a 2-mm mark) to estimate the thickness of each increment of composite they place. SUMMARY Objective: To measure and compare the effect of operator experience in their ability to place composite in increments that are 2 mm thick. Methods and Materials: Fifteen volunteers from each class of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and senior dental students and 15 clinical faculty (total number of volunteers = 75) were asked to restore a Class I preparation that was 5 mm in diameter and 8 mm deep from the cusp tips using three increments of composite that were each to be 2 mm thick. Once completed, the models were sectioned, and the thickness of each increment was measured. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (pre-set α=0.05) was used to compare the mean increment thickness with respect to operator experience level and increment sequence number. In addition, the proportion of operators placing clinically acceptable increments (between 1.75 and 2.25 mm thick), as well as the proportions from each group who placed increments that either were thinner or thicker than this range, was determined using nonparametric analyses. Results: Overall, there was an increasing trend for groups with a higher experience level to provide mean incremental thickness values close to 2 mm. However, the likelihood of placing an increment that was thicker or thinner than the manufacturer-recommended thickness was not significantly different. Regardless of the increment value, only about one-third of the increments placed fell within the desired range of 1.75 to 2.25 mm. Conclusions: Operator experience had no overwhelming significant influence on the ability to place increments of composite that were between 1.75 and 2.25 mm thick. An operator has only about one chance out of three to place a composite increment within this clinically acceptable range when using no external measurement system.

Efektivitas Comprehensive Breastfeeding Education terhadap Keberhasilan Pemberian Air Susu Ibu Postpartum

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Nurbaeti ◽  
Kustati Budi Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Breastfeeding Support ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Breastfeeding Education ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) masih merupakan masalah bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi bayi baru lahir. Dukungan agar ibu menyusui bayi merupakan hal penting dalam menginisiasi dan mempertahankan pemberian ASI. Strategi dibutuhkan untuk mendukung keberhasilan menyusui. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis efektivitas comprehensive breastfeeding education terhadap keberhasilan pemberian (ASI) pada periode postpartum. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan kuasi eksperimen one group pre post test repeated measured design. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 22 ibu dengan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan pada bulan September–Oktober 2013 di Puskesmas wilayah Kota Tangerang Selatan. Intervensi dilakukan selama 30 menit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan sebelum intervensi, 3 hari setelah intervensi (post1), dan 10 hari setelah intervensi (post 2). Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan observasi. Keberhasilan pemberian ASI berdasar pada parameter pengetahuan, langkah menyusui, perlekatan bayi, dan kecukupan ASI. Analisis data menggunakan general linear model repeated measureANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya signifikansi comprehensive breastfeeding education (p=0.001). Rata-rata keberhasilan pemberian ASI sebelum dan setelah intervensi meningkat. Sebesar 93,9% intervensi memengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan. Rata-rata sebelum intervensi 56,74 (SD 5,92), post 1 sebesar 60,83 (SD 6,38) dan post2 sebesar 74,55 (SD 5,32). Subvariabel yang memiliki efek secara signifikan setelah intervensi adalah pengetahuan (p=0.001) dan langkah menyusui (p=0.001), sedangkan subvariabel perlekatan bayi (p=0.061) dan kecukupan ASI (p=0.162) tidak secara signifikan berbeda antara sebelum dan setelah intervensi. Pelaksanaanbreastfeeding education disarankan pada ibu agar dapat melakukan posisi perlekatan bayi yang benar sehingga dapat mengurangi masalah-masalah berkaitan dengan perlekatan yang tidak sesuai seperti puting perih, lecet atau berdarah, dan bayi kurang puas dalam menyusu yang bisa mengakibatkan gagalnya program ASI ekslusif.Kata kunci:Menyusui, pendidikan, perlekatan, postpartum AbstractBreastfeeding have still been problem for adequate newborn nutrition. Adequate breastfeeding support is essential for mothers to initiate and maintain optimal breastfeeding practices. A strategic needed to support successful breastfeeding. The purpose of research is to analyze the effectiveness comprehensive breastfeeding education on successful breastfeeding at postpartum periods. A quasi-experimental one group pretest, post test, repeated mesaured was used. This study was conducted at public health in Tangerang Selatan municipality in September–October 2013 among 22 postpartum mothers, convenience sampling methods. Intervention was done 30 minute. Data were collected before intervention (pretest), third day after intervention (post 1) and tenth day after intervention (repeated/post 2) using four parameter, that are knowledge, breastfeeding steps, proper lacth-on and adequate breastmilk. Using repeated measures analysis of variance there was a significant increase (p=0.001) in the overall Successful breastfeeding mean. Around 93,9% the effectiveness of intervention influence on successful. The mean before intervention is 56,74 (SD 5,92), increased at post 1:60,83 (SD 6,38) and post 2:74,55 (SD 5,32). Subvariable which has effect significantly after intervention is knowledge (p=0.001) and breastfeeding steps (p=0.001), in contrary, proper latch-on (p=0,061) and adequate breastmilk (p=0.162) have no significant effect after intervention. Suggestion to support breastfeeding education and counselling proper latch-on adequately that can decrease the problem such as painful, creaks or bloody putting.Key words: Breastfeeding, education, latch-on, postpartum

Effect of an early mobilisation programme on pain intensity after laparoscopic surgery: a randomised clinical trial

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2020-002618
Author(s):  
Azam Dehghani ◽  
Ali Hajibagheri ◽  
Ismail Azizi-Fini ◽  
Fatemeh Atoof ◽  
Noushin Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Early Mobilisation ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Mean

BackgroundPain is a common complication after laparoscopic surgery. This study aimed to examine the effect of an early mobilisation programme on postoperative pain intensity after laparoscopic surgery.MethodsA randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted on 80 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran. The patients were randomly allocated to intervention (n=40) and a control (n=40) group. In the intervention group, an early mobilisation programme was implemented in two rounds. The patient’s perceived pain was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale 15 min before and 30 min after each round of early mobilisation. Data were analysed through the independent samples t, χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests and the repeated measures analysis.ResultsThe repeated measures analysis showed that the mean pain scores have been decreased over time (F=98.88, p<0.001). Considering the observed interaction between time and the intervention, the t test was used for pairwise comparisons and showed that the mean pain score was not significantly different between the two groups in 15 min before the first round of early mobilisation (p=0.95). However, the mean pain in the intervention group was significantly less than the control group in all subsequent measurements (p<0.05).ConclusionEarly mobilisation programmes such as the one implemented in the current study are easy and inexpensive and can be implemented safely for the reduction of pain after laparoscopic surgeries.

Comparison of a continuous indwelling glucometer with a point-of-care device in healthy adult horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. e21-e21
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cunneen ◽  
Kelly A Wood ◽  
Kylie Mathison ◽  
Aaron M Herndon ◽  
Francois R Bertin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Intravenous Catheter ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Interstitial Glucose ◽  
The Mean

BackgroundBlood glucose is tightly regulated in horses; however, since hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are associated with poor prognosis, close monitoring is warranted. This study aimed at evaluating a continuous indwelling glucometer (CIG) by comparing performance with a point-of-care glucometer (POC).MethodsTen horses were equipped with CIG and an intravenous catheter. Interstitial glucose concentrations were determined by CIG every 5 min at rest, during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and dextrose-induced hyperglycaemia, and compared with blood glucose determined by POC. Glucose concentrations were compared by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and weighted kappa with Bland-Altman plots to determine agreement between assays.ResultsHorses tolerated CIG well; however, five devices had to be replaced. There were no statistically significant differences between assays at rest or during hyperglycaemia; however, during hypoglycaemia, glucose concentrations determined by CIG were significantly higher (P=0.01). The mean bias (95% limits of agreement) between assays ranged from −0.03 (−2.46 to 2.52) mmol/l (hyperglycaemia) to 0.97 (−1.23 to 3.16) mmol/l (hypoglycaemia). Assay agreement was ‘good’ with observed agreements of 87.04% (κ=0.67).Conclusions of the studyCIG has acceptable accuracy in horses as compared with POC but overestimates glucose concentrations during hypoglycaemia and requires frequent replacement, limiting its clinical application.

Changes in “Inflammatory” Mediators and Total Body Water during Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). A Preliminary Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Underwood ◽  
J.A. Pearson ◽  
J. Waggoner ◽  
J. Lunec ◽  
R.K. Firmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Electrical Bioimpedance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Free Radical Activity

We studied six patients (5 paediatric, 1 neonate) treated with ECMO to quantify changes in inflammatory mediators (neutrophil elastase (NE), free radical activity (FR), interleukin 8 (IL8)) and total body water (TBW). Blood samples were taken before instigation of ECMO, 4, 12, 24 hours post-ECMO and daily for six days. FR activity was quantified using the oxidised IgG FI/UV ration. NE and IL8 levels were measured by ELISA. TBW was assessed by electrical bioimpedance. Statistical analysis was made using repeated measures analysis of variance and modified t-test where appropriate. Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. FR activity increased 4 hours after instigation of ECMO (IgG FI/UV 32.1 ± 3.2 from 24.1 ± 3.0 p=0.005) and remained elevated. NE also increased by 4 hours (94.8 μg/L ± 8.9 to 678 μg/L ± 153.4, p=0.005) but returned to pre-ECMO values by day 6. IL8 levels rose after ECMO (from 98 pg/ml ± 39, to 24 pg/ml ± 117.4) although no statistical difference was noted over time due to the large variation between subjects (p=0.009). TBW (% pre-ECMO body weight) fell by 24 hours (from 118.6 ± 12.6 to 96.5 ± 8.2 p=0.0004). This study demonstrated that ECMO stimulates an ‘inflammatory’ response to extracorporeal perfusion (increased FR, NE) but despite this, results in a reduction in total body water. The complex relationship between the inflammatory response to prolonged extracorporeal perfusion and its effect on tissue oedema merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Oxytocin and Oxytocinase in the Obese and Nonobese Parturients during Induction and Augmentation of Labor

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. e177-e184
Author(s):  
Annemaria De Tina ◽  
Jeremy Juang ◽  
Thomas F. McElrath ◽  
Jack D. Baty ◽  
Arvind Palanisamy
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Elective Induction ◽  
The Mean

Objective To investigate differences in oxytocin (OXT) biodistribution between nonobese and obese parturients during labor. Study Design Patients with body mass index (BMI) of either ≥ 18 ≤ 24.9 kg/m2 (“nonobese”) or ≥ 30 kg/m2 (“obese”) undergoing elective induction of labor were included (N = 25 each). Blood samples were collected at baseline (T0), and 20 minutes after maximal OXT augmentation or adequate uterine contractions (T1) for OXT and oxytocinase assays. A mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for group versus time interaction and analysis of covariance to detect a difference in OXT level at T1. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range), with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results The mean BMIs (kg/m2) were 22.1 ± 1.6 and 35.9 ± 5.1 in the nonobese and obese groups, respectively. No differences were observed in either the duration of OXT infusion, total dose of OXT, or plasma OXT (pg/mL) either at T0 or T1. However, plasma oxytocinase (ng/mL) was significantly lower at T0 (1.41 [0.67, 3.51] vs. 0.40 [0.29, 1.12]; p = 0.03) in the obese group. Conclusion We provide preliminary evidence that the disposition of OXT may not be different between obese and nonobese women during labor.

Characterisation of Human Skin Impedance at Acupuncture Point Pc4 Ximen and pericardium meridian using the four-electrode method

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Rezaei ◽  
Ali Khorsand ◽  
Jamshid Jamali
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Skin Impedance ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Pericardium Meridian ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Electrode Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Electrical Skin

Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine offers several theories to explain the mechanism of acupuncture. One of these theories proposes that acupuncture points and meridians have unique electrical properties and their electrical skin impedance is lower than surrounding areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in electrical skin impedance between PC4 and the pericardium meridian compared with the surrounding areas. Methods Eighteen healthy subjects (10 women) were recruited to participate in the study. An impedance meter based on the four-electrode technique was designed specifically for the study. Twenty-five points were marked on the skin: one on the point PC4, four others on the pericardium meridian and 20 points around it. The electrical impedance of each point was measured with the four-electrode device. Results The mean electrical skin impedance at PC4 was significantly different from the 20 of the surrounding points but not significantly different from the four adjacent points. The mean skin impedance of the five points over the pericardium meridian was significantly different from that of parallel rows of points using repeated measures analysis of variance (p<0.001) Conclusion Within the possible limits of this measurement technique, skin impedance along the pericardium meridian is lower than surrounding areas, supporting the idea of different properties of the pericardium meridian compared with the control areas. Evidence on skin impedance at PC4 is inconclusive and further studies are needed.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Intravitreal Conbercept for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbo Mao ◽  
Caiyun Zhang ◽  
Chenyi Liu ◽  
Lijun Shen ◽  
Jimeng Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Subretinal Fluid ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Full Resolution ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Clinical Study ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of conbercept for patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods. A retrospective clinical study. Thirty-one patients (35 eyes) with chronic CSC were given intravitreal injections of conbercept and followed up for at least 6 months. Observed indicators included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF). Serial changes in BCVA and CMT were analyzed by using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results. During the 6-month follow-up, the mean number of injections required and performed was 1.77 ± 0.60. The logMAR BCVA was 0.48 ± 0.26 at the baseline, 0.34 ± 0.26, 0.30 ± 0.26, 0.27 ± 0.26, 0.24 ± 0.26, and 0.23 ± 0.26 at 2-week and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups, respectively (F = 27.173, P<0.05). CMT was 313.74 ± 144.51 μm at the baseline and decreased to 263.49 ± 120.44 μm, 225.91 ± 91.98 μm, 195.77 ± 66.69 μm, 189.74 ± 65.41 μm, and 199.49 ± 81.50 μm at 2-week and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups, respectively (F = 18.093, P<0.05). Full resolution of SRF was achieved in 8 (22.9%) eyes at 1 month, 16 (45.7%) eyes at 2 months, 22 (62.9%) eyes at 3 months, and 27 (77.1%) eyes at 6 months after the initial treatment of anti-VEGF injection. No severe adverse event was noted relevant to the therapy. Conclusions. Intravitreal injection of conbercept may effectively reduce the CMT and improve the BCVA in chronic CSC in a short term of 6 months.

scholarly journals Nurses’ Perception about Stakeholders’ Image of a Nurse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Vaz De Braganca ◽  
R. Nirmala
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Public Image ◽  
The Public ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Introduction The diversity in the public image about nurses, the nursing profession, and the comprehension about the true functions and domains of nurses’ job engagement is one of the powerful contrivances that impact nurses’ self-esteem and authority, and recruitment and retention in the health industry. Objective This study aims at identifying the difference between nurses’ perception about the different stakeholders’ image of a nurse. Methods Self-reports on nurses’ perception about doctors’ image of a nurse, patients’ image of a nurse, other hospital staffs’ image of a nurse, and self-perception about a nurse were collected from a sample of 749 registered nurses selected using stratified random sampling from different settings across the state. Data were collected using an adapted version of the Porter Nursing Image Scale. Results Data were tested for the mean and standard deviation (SD); and within-subjects difference using the general linear model and repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a difference in the nurses’ perception about image of a nurse with respect to doctors (mean = 53.22; SD = 6.5), patients (mean = 51.91; SD = 6.9), other hospital staff (mean = 53.05; SD = 6.8), and self (mean = 58.36; SD = 6.9), with F(2.625, 1963.5) = 352.656, p < 0.000, and R 2 = 0.32. Conclusion The findings indicate a difference in the nurses’ perception about the stakeholders’ image of a nurse. This research suggests the need for strategies toward promoting positive nurse image among stakeholders.

scholarly journals Control of spatial effects due to neighboring palms in coconut (Cocos nucifera) experiments

CORD ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
T. S. G. Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Term Field

The RCBD is the most robust design for field experimentations in coconut.  In this study the effect of neighboring palms to control local variation in field experiments of coconut was evaluated using two long-term coconut trials. Four types of spatial models are suggested to consider the spatial effect due to neighboring palms and the use of such models is illustrated using two long-term field experiments.  When data were analyzed separately by years or using repeated measures analysis, significant percentage reduction of CV was observed in all four spatial models relative to the RCBD model without covariates as well as pre-treat data as covariate irrespective of the experiment. Inclusion of the mean of two neighbouring palms in N-S or E-W direction as a covariate was clearly superior to the RCBD without covariate as well as pre-data as covariate when data were analyzed separately by years.   Inclusion of the mean of four neighbouring palms in N-S and E-W direction as a covariate was superior to repeated measures analysis in reducing local variation, irrespective of experiments. It is recommended to include effect due to neighbouring palms when analyzing field experiments in coconut. The methodology can be applied to other tree crop experiments as well.

Influence of Altered Auditory Feedback on Oral–Nasal Balance in Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 3752-3762
Author(s):  
Gillian de Boer ◽  
Viviane Marino ◽  
Larissa Berti ◽  
Eliana Fabron ◽  
Evelyn Alves Spazzapan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Feedback Condition ◽  
Compensatory Response ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vowel Nasalization ◽  
Post Hoc

Purpose This study explored the role of auditory feedback in the regulation of oral–nasal balance in speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Method Twenty typical speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (10 male, 10 female) wore a Nasometer headset and headphones while continuously repeating stimuli with oral and nasal sounds. Oral–nasal balance was quantified with nasalance scores. The signals from 2 additional oral and nasal microphones were played back to the participants through the headphones. The relative loudness of the nasal channel in the mix was gradually changed, so that the speakers heard themselves as more or less nasal. Results A repeated-measures analysis of variance of the mean nasalance scores of the stimuli at baseline, minimum, and maximum nasal feedback conditions demonstrated significant effects of nasal feedback condition ( p < .0001) and stimuli ( p < .0001). Post hoc analyses demonstrated that the mean nasalance scores were lowest for the maximum nasal feedback condition. The scores of the minimum nasal feedback condition were significantly higher than 2 of 3 baseline feedback conditions. The speaking amplitude of the participants did not change between the nasal feedback conditions. Conclusions Increased nasal signal level feedback led to a compensatory adjustment in the opposite direction, confirming that oral–nasal balance is regulated by auditory feedback. However, reduced nasal signal level feedback resulted in a compensatory response that was lower in magnitude. This suggests that, even in Brazilian Portuguese, a language with phonetic and phonological vowel nasalization, decreased nasality was not perceived as critically as increased nasality by the speakers.

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