scholarly journals Stolypin village reform project: development and correction (1905–1908)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-779
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Local Economy ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
The Third ◽  
Reform Project ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The Village ◽  
Special Meeting

The article is devoted to the development and correction of the village reform project, one of the least studied reforms of Pyotr A. Stolypin. Based on the documents of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the author reconstructs the process of creating a draft law of the village reform and making amendments to it during 1905–08. It is shown that this bill was part of the complex Stolypin reforms of local self-government and was developed in compliance with the legislative acts of the tsarist government of 1903 and 1904, taking into account the views of the local committees of the Special Meeting on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry. There are several versions of the draft law: the initial one, which was discussed at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Council of Ministers in 1905–06; the draft law for submission to the Second State Duma in 1907; the draft law revised in the Council for Local Economy Affairs which was submitted to the Third State Duma in 1908. The article considers the discussions in the executive bodies and at the congress of the United Nobility regarding the most important articles of the draft law on property qualification, women’s suffrage, and inclusion in the village regulatory body without elections.

scholarly journals Memorandums by M.A. Taube on the possible complications of the international legal relationships of the Russian Empire with Finland in the late XIX - early XX century

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Anna Valeryevna Pleshcheeva
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Russian Territory ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Special Meeting

Discussions on the situation of Finland as a part of the Russian state have been particularly acute since the end of the 19th century, when the autocracy began to take measures to limit the privileges of the outskirts of the empire. One of the factors that put this problem to the forefront was also the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The tsarist government needed to organize the control over the activities of revolutionary organizations in Finland as well as to solve the problem of the import of weapons across the Finnish border into the Russian territory. Thus, a special meeting on question of the Grand Duchy of Finland was created. Representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were also invited to discuss this problem. The paper analyzes the memorandum by the Doctor of International Law and the Vice-Director of the Second Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs M.A. Taube, in which he investigates in detail possible consequences of revolutionary events development in Finland. The memorandum expresses a position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which, in case of rebellion, considered that it was necessary and most beneficial for Russia to recognize the Grand Duchy of Finland as a belligerent. This option did not receive approval from the emperor and the Council of Ministers, for whom the measures in regard to Finland were considered exclusively as a domestic question.

scholarly journals Reform of the Zemstvo Representation: Development and Adjustment of P. A. Stolypin Project in 1906—1907.

2020 ◽  
pp. 322-334
Author(s):  
A. A. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Special Meeting

The article is devoted to the little-studied issue of the development and adjustment of the reform provisions of the zemstvo representation of P.A. Stolypin in 1906—1907. The main programmatic requirements of liberal circles to change the procedure for elections to zemstvo assemblies, developed by zemstvo assemblies, zemstvo congresses, as well as local committees of the Special Meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry. For the first time, on the materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, the evolution of the provisions of the draft and their criticism in the Council of Ministers, as well as at the Congress of the United Nobility in 1907, is shown. It is emphasized that the development of the reform was a consequence of the Manifesto adopted in 1903 and 1904 and the decree on the need to transform local government and self-government. The author states that initially P. A. Stolypin sought to increase the share of representatives from cities and commercial and industrialists in zemstvo assemblies, however, at the insistence of the Council of Ministers, he was forced to retain the majority for landowners. The criticism of the united nobility in relation to the reform in connection with the expansion of the circle of voters and the organization of elections at the beginning of the non-class is highlighted in the article. It is concluded that the transformation of elections into zemstvo assemblies, planned by P. A. Stolypin was aimed at involving broad strata of the population in the representative institutions of local self-government at the expense of an unclassified beginning and the organization of elections based on a tax qualification.

Preparation of Far Eastern Internal Affairs Agencies for Action under the Conditions of the Special Period in 1970-1972

2018 ◽  
pp. 463-474
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Z. Dorokhov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir V. Sinichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Far East ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Special Period ◽  
Radio Broadcasting ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
Far Eastern

Drawing on unique documents that have not yet been introduced into scientific use, the article reviews the activities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in training its agencies for probable border war with China. A series of events was conducted by Shchelokov, Minister of the Internal Affairs of the USSR, in order to strengthen the regional internal affairs agencies. It included introduction of a list of ‘advanced alert,’ ‘special period,’ and ‘covert mobilization’ signals, accompanied by a list of mandatory positions. The article focuses on the work of internal affairs agencies in the Far East border areas and the Khabarovsk special secondary school of militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in particular, all of which hurried to fine-tune public order and state security maintenance, evacuation of the population and the internal affairs bodies in case of onset of the Special Period. Significantly, the Khabarovsk special secondary school of militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was to become not just a base for accelerated training of officers, but also a military reserve in case of enemy assault. It also was to enforce public order in case of mass riots. The manpower strength of the school allowed to form a battalion of 3 rifle companies. The author underscores that all measures implemented by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were carried out in close cooperation with the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and its regional agencies. Training for Special Period was multifaceted, it included propaganda support via mass media, control over radio-broadcasting in the territories bordering China, camouflage of installations at the expense of the forest fund, mobilization by rail and road transport, etc.

Results of Archaeoparasitological and Palynological Analyzes of the Contents of the Sewage Drain of the Chorgun Tower (South-Western Crimea)

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-389
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nedelkin ◽  
◽  
Alexander Khrustalev ◽  
Anna Babenko ◽  
Sergey Slepchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Palynological Study ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
The Village ◽  
Constant Source

The article presents the results of an archaeoparasitological and palynological study of a sample taken from the sewage drain of the Chorgun Tower. This is a fortification on the territory of the village of Chernorechie (South-Western Crimea). According to archaeological research, the construction of the keep dates back to the third quarter of the 15th century. Four types of eggs of intestinal parasites infecting humans and synanthropic animals were identified in the sample. Regarding parasitic and infectious gastrointestinal diseases, human whipworm and roundworm eggs found in the sample are indicative of relatively unfavorable sanitary conditions of the fortification. Based on the features of the archaeoparasitological spectrum, it can be concluded that anthelminthic agents were used or food with antiparasitic effects against roundworms was consumed. The difficult sanitary and epidemiological situation was also complicated by synanthropic rodents, such as rats and domestic mice, which could be a constant source of dangerous infections in the Chorgun Keep. A palynological study of the contents of the sewage runoff made it possible to obtain additional information on the nutrition of people who used the latrine facilities in the Chorgun Keep. What is equally important is that the study demonstrates the possibilities of methods for the study of canalization as a source of bioarchaeological information.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF VILLAGE-OWNED ENTERPRISES (BUMDes) TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gede Agus Ariutama ◽  
Acwin Hendra Saputra ◽  
Renny Sukmono
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Comparative Institutional Analysis ◽  
Institutional Aspects ◽  
The Village

Government intervention for village development is carried out with various policies. The establishment of BUMDes is one of the government's efforts to accelerate rural development, advance the local economy, and develop the village partnerships and/or third party’s partnerships. This study exploits comparative institutional analysis framework to examine further how institutional aspects can affect the application of BUMDes in the rural development. The institutional aspects of BUMDes utilization for rural development is worth emphasizing since it will be employed as a foundation between the actors in a specific social area (structure) in its various forms such as rules, norms, or a certain routine, and the institution as a form of authority for the social behavior of the village organization. Furthermore, the successful implementation of BUMDes in the rural development is also affected by how stakeholder system can manage the institutional aspects. The result of this study, from the standpoint of comparative institutional analysis, underlines: (1) the limited authority of the Ministry of Villages, Underdeveloped Regions and Transmigration for rural development suggests that this Ministry must establish a specific institutional arrangement with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises as well as banking institutions; (2) The village government has not fully taken advantage of the flexibility of its institutional arrangement to use BUMDes as a source of rural development; and (3) there is considerable scope to increase the role of BUMDes. This paper will propose some practical advices while considering the existing institutional arrangement.

scholarly journals A special meeting as an institution of emergency management of the russian empire during the First World war

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
V. V. Sinichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
State Defense ◽  
The Military ◽  
Special Meeting

The article examines the issue of the effectiveness of the work of the Special meeting for combining measures to provide the active army with items of combat and material supplies, headed by the Minister of War. It is noted that the Special Meeting, which appeared on May 13, 1915, received extraordinary powers to carry out the economic mobilization of the entire national economy of the Russian Empire. These powers were legally formalized on August 17, 1915. From that moment in 1915, a Special meeting for the discussion and unification of measures for the defense of the state, for the provision of fuel for communication lines, state and public institutions and enterprises working for the purposes of state defense, for the food business and transportation of fuel and food and military cargo. This body, created in wartime conditions, was entrusted with extraordinary powers to manage state, public institutions and enterprises. The chairman of this meeting was the Minister of War, appointed directly by the emperor. It was he who could form commissions and subcommissions that dealt with both the procurement of weapons, equipment and equipment abroad, and directly with the implementation of a general domestic economic policy in the state for the development of certain branches of industrial and agricultural production. However, as the materials show, the transfer of management functions to the state apparatus and the entire mobilized economy of the country into the hands of the military department led to distortions in the development of the country’s national economy. Primary attention was paid to industrial enterprises working for the purposes of state defense, while the organization of food supply and transport support in the Russian Empire, despite the initiatives of the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the All-Russian Zemstvo Union, which had a representative in a Special Meeting, did not found due support and attention from the Chairperson of the Special Meeting.

scholarly journals Practice of relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie in the investigation of political crimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
V. P. Gorbachov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Impartial Observer ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the practice of the relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie, which formed during the investigation of political crimes in the Russian Empire after the judicial reform of 1864. It is indicated that the law of May 19, 1871 changed the legal relationships between the gendarmerie and the Prosecutor’s office. The gendarmerie was given the right to conduct an inquiry, and the prosecutor’s office was entrusted with the supervision of this activity. Central agencies targeted the prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie to coordinate their activities in the investigation of political crimes, which resulted in their gradual rapprochement. In practice, the Prosecutor’s office began to take an active part in the conduct of inquiries on the state crimes. As a result, it gradually lost its original meaning “guardian of the law and an impartial observer for the correctness of the actions of a person who conducted the inquiry”. The actual relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie was not unambiguous. They largely depended on specific individuals and could be diametrically opposed. Along with the relations of “mutual understanding” there were also facts of direct conflicts between the prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie. Despite such different relationship, in society, the existing level of political repression “was attributed to the joint and solidary activities of zealous gendarmes with zealous prosecutors”. The career of prosecutors depended largely on the relationship with the gendarmerie. Later, during the inquiry, many prosecutors began to lose their impartiality and gradually turned into agents of gendarmerie goals. According to the figurative expression of the former Chairman of the Council of Ministers S. Witte, the Minister of justice himself “from the Supreme guardian of legality became an assistant to the chief of gendarmes and the chief of secret police”.

scholarly journals ATTEMPTS OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY, OR OPPOSITION OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE IN SOLVING THE PEASANT QUESTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
I. Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Agrarian Question ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
Special Meeting

An attempt to solve the agrarian question at the beginning of the 20th century has been analyzed. The interaction and confrontation of two ministries – the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of the Interior and local authorities: local committees of the Special Meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry and provincial committees of the Editorial Commission of the Ministry of the Interior, their attempts to discuss and resolve the peasant issue at the beginning of the 20th century, – have been examined. It has been substantiated, that at the beginning of the 20th century the state authorities did not develop a unified course in resolving the peasant issue and only the events of the 1905 revolution forced the government to take emergency measures in the development of agricultural legislation.

scholarly journals Actinopterygians of The Permian Locality Buxières-Les-Mines (Bourbonl’archambault Basin, France) and Their Relationship to Other Early Actinopterygians

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 245-291
Author(s):  
Stanislav Štamberg
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Skull Roof ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Main Component ◽  
The Village ◽  
Dermal Bones

Actinopterygians from the large opencast coal mine in the vicinity of the village of Buxières-les-Mines (Bourbonl’Archambault Basin, Allier, France) are revisited and redescribed based on newly studied specimens. The understanding of the anatomy of Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999, originally described by Poplin (1999) on the basis of the upper and lower jaws only, is greatly enhanced and is relatively complete. The anatomy of the palatoquadrate, dermal bones of the skull roof, hyoid arch, operculum, suboperculum, shoulder girdle, cheek bones and branchiostegal rays is described. In addition, new observations have been made on changes in the shape of the maxilla during ontogenesis and microstructure of the teeth. Details of Progyrolepis heyleri scales, including their microstructure and morphology of the ridge scales are provided. The collection of whole individuals, body fragments and numerous isolated bones provide confirmation of the presence of Aeduella blainvillei which is the main component of the actinopterygian fauna in Buxières-les-Mines. Additional new knowledge was obtained regarding the great variability in bones of the opercular apparatus and maxilla, presence of the supraorbital, branchiostegal ray with a conspicuous hyoid process and the direction of mutual overlapping of the suboperculum and branchiostegal ray in Aeduella blainvillei (AGASSIZ, 1833). Microsculpture on the scales is redescribed in this species. Paramblypterus cf. duvernoy is the third member of the actinopterygians in the locality Buxières-les-Mines. Fragments of Paramblypterus are very rare and the bones of the skull roof are presented here. Anatomical features of Progyrolepis heyleri, Aeduella blainvillei and Paramblypterus cf. duvernoy were studied and compared with those of other Devonian and Permo-Carboniferous actinopterygians.

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