scholarly journals Effect of the Physicochemical Properties of Soils on Generalized and Localized Corrosion Rate of API X52 and X60 Pipeline Steels

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Contreras A
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Homogeneous Microstructure ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
X52 Steel ◽  
The One ◽  
Best Fit

This work analyzed physicochemical properties of different types of soils on the generalized and localized corrosion rate in two steels (X52 and X60) most used in pipeline transportation of hydrocarbons. The physicochemical properties such moisture content, pH, resistivity and redox potential, which influence the corrosion rate of the pipelines were analyzed. Soils from three different sites in the south of México were obtained. Soils were sampled approximately 1.5 m deep, close to pipeline. From the analysis of generalized corrosion results taking into account the type of soil, it was observed that the most corrosive soil for the two steels was soil-3, generating corrosion rates of 0.119 and 0.097 mm/year, for the X52 and X60 steels respectively, after a period of 6 months. It is important to note that the maximum generalized corrosion rate was obtained after 1 month of exposure of the steels, generating corrosion rates of 0.177 and 0.162 mm/year, for the X52 and X60 steels respectively. In similar way, the localized corrosion rates for the both steels were higher when steels are exposed to Soil-3, generating corrosion rates of 1.1 and 0.45 mm/year, for X52 and X60 steel respectively, after a period of 6 months. In general it was observed that X60 steel presents greater resistance to pitting corrosion rate (in Soil-3), which can be attributed to its more homogeneous microstructure, fine grain size, and its chemical composition that presents elements such as Cr and Ni in greater quantity than X52 steel, which improve the corrosion resistance. However, depending on the type of soil the corrosion resistance behavior of each steel is different. From the analysis of various equations fits, it was determined that the potential equation is the one that gives the best fit for all cases.

scholarly journals Effects of tungsten, chromium and zirconium on the corrosion behavior of ternary amorphous W–Cr–Zr alloys in 1 M NaOh solution

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Basu Ram Aryal ◽  
Jagadeesh Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Open Circuit Potential ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Corrosion Resistance Property ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Sputter Deposited ◽  
Zr Alloys

Simultaneous additions of tungsten, chromium and zirconium in the chromium- and zirconium-enriched sputter-deposited binary W-xCr and W-yZr are effective to improve the corrosion resistance property of the ternary amorphous W- xCr-yZr alloys after immersion for 240 h in 1 M NaOH solution open to air at 25°C. The corrosion rates of all the examined sputter-deposited (10-57)W-(18-42)Cr-(25-73)Zr alloys is higher than those of alloy-constituting elements (that is, tungsten, chromium and zirconium) in aggressive 1 M NaOH solution open to air at 25°C. The corrosion rates of all the examined sputter−deposited W–xCr–yZr alloys containing 10-57 at% tungsten, 18-42 at% chromium and 25-73 at% zirconium were in the range of 1.5-2.5 × 10−3 mm/y or lower which are more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of sputter-deposited tungsten and even about one order of magnitude lower than those of the sputter-deposited zirconium in 1 M NaOH solution. Keywords: Ternary W–Cr–Zr alloys; Amorphous; Corrosion rate; Open circuit potential; 1 M NaOH. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v9i9.5516 SW 2011; 9(9): 39-43

scholarly journals The Corrosion Behavior of Sputter-Deposited Nanocrystalline W-Cr Alloys in Nacl and NaohaSolutions

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Minu Basnet ◽  
Jagadeesh Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Chromium Content ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Sputter Deposited

The corrosion behavior of the sputter-deposited nanocrystalline W-Cr alloys wasstudied in 0.5 M NaCl and alkaline 1 M NaOH solutions at 25°C, open to air usingimmersion tests and electrochemical measurements. Chromium metal acts synergisticallywith tungsten in enhancing the corrosion resistance of the sputter-deposited W-Cr alloys soas to show higher corrosion resistance than those of alloy-constituting elements in both 0.5M NaCl and 1 M NaOH solutions. In particular, the nanocrystalline W-Cr alloys containing25-91 at% chromium showed about one order of magnitude lower corrosion rates (that is,about 1-2 × 10-3 mm.y-1) than those of tungsten and chromium metals even for prolongedimmersion in 0.5 M NaCl solution at 25°C. On the other hand, the corrosion rate of thesputter-deposited W-Cr alloys containing 25-75 at % chromium was decreased significantlywith increasing chromium content and showed lowest corrosion rates (that is, 1.5-2.0 × 10-3 mm.y-1) after immersed for prolonged immersion in 1 M NaOH solution. The corrosion ratesof these nanocrystalline W-(25-75)Cr alloys are nearly two orders of magnitude lower thanthat of tungsten and more than one order of magnitude lower corrosion rate than that ofsputter-deposited chromium metal in 1 M NaOH solution. The corrosion-resistant of all theexamined sputter-deposited W-Cr alloys in 0.5 M NaCl solution is higher than in alkaline 1M NaOH solution at 25°C. Open circuit potentials of all the examined W-Cr alloys areshifted to more noble direction with increasing the chromium content in the alloys afterimmersion for 72 h in both 0.5 M NaCl and 1 M NaOH solutions at 25°C, open to air.Keywords: Sputter deposition, nanocrystalline W-Cr alloys, corrosion test, electrochemicalmeasurement, NaCl and NaOH solutions.DOI:  10.3126/jncs.v25i0.3300Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Volume 25, 2010 pp 53-61

Improvement of corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys for biomedical applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Chen ◽  
Jianwei Dai ◽  
Xiaobo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Biodegradable Implants ◽  
Ordered Structure ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Treatment Techniques

AbstractIn recent years, magnesium (Mg) alloys have attracted great attention due to superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, and other characteristics important for use in biodegradable implants. However, the development of Mg alloys for clinical application continues to be hindered by high corrosion rates and localized corrosion modes, both of which are detrimental to the mechanical integrity of a load-bearing temporary implant. To overcome these challenges, technologies have been developed to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys, among which surface treatment is the most common way to enhance not only the corrosion resistance, but also the bioactivity of biodegradable Mg alloys. Nevertheless, surface treatments are unable to fundamentally solve the problems of fast corrosion rate and localized corrosion. Therefore, it is of great importance to alter and improve the intrinsic corrosion behavior of Mg alloys for biomedical applications. To show the significance of the intrinsic corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg alloys and attract much attention on this issue, this article presents a review of the improvements made to enhance intrinsic corrosion resistance of Mg alloys in recent years through the design and preparation of the Mg alloys, including purifying, alloying, grain refinement, and heat treatment techniques. The influence of long-period stacking-ordered structure on corrosion behavior of the biodegradable Mg alloys is also discussed.

The Corrosion Resistance of the Mg-Al-Ca-Sr Sand Casting Magnesium Alloys

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kiełbus ◽  
Tomasz Rzychoń ◽  
Joanna Michalska ◽  
Michal Stopyra
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Corrosion Layer ◽  
Sand Casting ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Corrosion Rates

In this paper, the corrosion resistance of two sand-casting creep resistant magnesium alloys Mg-9Al-1.5Ca-0.3Sr and Mg-9Al-2.2Ca-0.8Sr in the salt environment has been investigated. Specimens of each alloy has been immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature and successively taken out after 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9 days. After immersion test, the microstructure and the appearances of the corroded structure were examined. The corrosion rates of both investigated alloys increased lineally with increasing the exposure time in both solutions. Mg-9Al-1.5Ca-0.3Sr alloy exhibits the higher corrosion rate during the immersion test than Mg-9Al-2.2Ca-0.8Sr. The corrosion layer of both alloys consists of MgO, MgOH and phases containing Cl, Na, Al and Ca. The increase of Ca content in the Mg-9Al-2.2Ca-0.8Sr alloy improved the corrosion resistance due to the formation of the reticular (Mg,Al)2Ca phase, which acted as an effective barrier against corrosion.

scholarly journals Corrosion Behaviour of Al-Si Cast Alloy Reinforced with Titanium diboride (TiB2) and Scandium (Sc)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Titanium Diboride ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Cast Alloy ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Corrosion Rates

The aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) based on Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) is widely used in lightweight constructions and transport applications requiring a combination of high strength and ductility. A grain refinement plays a crucial role in improving characteristics and properties of Al alloys. In this investigation, titanium diboride (TiB2) and scandium (Sc) inoculants were added to the Al-Si alloys for grain refinement of an alloy. In this investigation, the corrosion resistance rate of Al-Si cast alloy reinforced by TiB2 and Sc were measured by potentiostat (AUTOLAB) instrument. The aim of this research is to investigate the corrosion rate for Al-Si-TiB2-Sc composites that immersed in different concentration of acidic solutions. Besides, the immersion time of acidic solutions also was investigated. All the samples were prepared accordingly for ASTM standard by the composition of 6.0 wt% TiB2 and 0.6wt% Sc. All the samples undergo cold mounting technique for easy handling on corrosion tests. Then the samples were immersed in two different concentrations acidic medium solutions, which were 0.1.and 1.0 M hydrochloric acids (HCl). The corrosion rate also was investigated for immersion samples of 1.0 M HCl for 21 days. From the results obtained, added TiB2 and Sc onto Al-Si alloy gave the better properties in corrosion resistance. Corrosion rates to reduce when the samples were immersed in a lower concentration of acidic medium, 0.1 HCl. However, there are some significant on the result but it still following the corrosion rates trend. Thus, improvements to reinforcement content need to be done in further research to cover the lack of this corrosion rates trend.

scholarly journals An Investigation of corrosion of friction welded and post-weld heat-treated AA6061/SiC/graphite hybrid composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-464
Author(s):  
Jadamuni Senthilkumar ◽  
Pavan S. M. Kumar ◽  
Manickam Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Solution Treated ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Lower Corrosion Rate ◽  
Weld Heat

The aluminium-based hybrid metal matrix composites have noteworthy applications in sub-sea installations, structures of deep-sea crawlers, submarine parts, engine cylinders, drum brakes etc., as they possess high strength, corrosion resistance, chemical, and dimensional stability. In this investigation, the pitting corrosion behaviour of friction welded and post-weld heat-treated AA6061/SiC/graphite hybrid composites were analysed. The corrosion rates of AW (as welded), ST (Solution treated), STA (Solution treated and Aged), and AA (Artificially Aged) weld joints were experimentally determined. The corrosion behaviour has been discussed in light of microstructure. The experimental results revealed that the STA joints exhibited better corrosion resistance characteristics as compared to AW, AA, and ST joints. The corrosion rate was high for AW joints, followed by AA and ST joints, respectively. Taking into account the corrosion rates of AW and STA joints, the STA joints have a corrosion rate 34.6% lesser than that of AW joints. A comparison of AA and ST with STA joints reveals that the rate of corrosion for STA joints was 31.1% lesser than that of AA joints and 28.8% lesser than that of ST joints. A lower corrosion rate was observed for STA joints as compared to AA, AW, and ST joints.

Boundary Layers Refractory/Glass Melt and Glass Defects

2008 ◽  
Vol 39-40 ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dunkl
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glass Melts ◽  
Good Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Protection Layer ◽  
The One

In this paper the formation of boundary layers and their behaviour regarding corrosion and glass defect potential of different refractory/glass melt combinations will be discussed. The reaction between refractories and glass melts is determined by the diffusion of the different ions from the glass melt into the refractory material and vice versa. The connected solution reactions lead to the formation of a saturation boundary layer, which influences the corrosion behaviour and the glass defect potential. The behaviour of the boundary layers of various refractory/glass melt types are partly complete different. On the one side there are refractory/glass melt combinations which form a relative thick reaction layer, on the other side there are refractory/glass melt combinations with very thin boundary layers. Thick reaction layers affect in the most cases like a protection layer with a good corrosion resistance, but there can be a relative high glass defect potential at operation changes. Thin reaction layers have for the most cases a low glass defect potential, but partly a higher corrosion rate.

Physical, Corrosion and Microstructural Analysis of A356/SiC Nanocomposites Fabricated through Stir Casting Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 1034 ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Md Tanwir Alam
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Aluminium Matrix ◽  
Sic Nanoparticles

Porosity is one of the main difficulty to fabricate the superior quality of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) because it effects the surface finish of the casting, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Therefore, porosity must be minimum as possible so that better casting can be produced with optimal properties of the composites. In this study, aluminium matrix nanocomposites (A356/SiC or AMNCs) were fabricated through two-step stir casting via mechanical alloying using ball mill. The matrix alloy (A356) was reinforced with SiC nanoparticles of 40-55 nm avarage particle size (APS). The corrosion was performed by simple immersion corrosion test method for a predefined environment (3.5% NaCl solution) and for the specified duration. The results showed that density and porosity increase with the addition of reinforcement. The corrosion resistance get reduced with the incorporation of SiC due to the increase in porosity and number of nucleation sites. The substantial correlation between the corrosion rate and the amount of SiC are depicted. Moreover, the corrosion rate decreased with the increase in exposure time which is due to the formation of passive layer. The EDS spectrum shows the presence of different constituents in the composites. The formation of the cracks, oxides, pitting corrosion, and localized corrosion are found by the SEM results. Further, SEM of the corroded surface verifies the presence and good distribution of the SiC nanoparticles in the fabricated nanocomposites.

scholarly journals The Immersion Corrosion Resistance of Shot Peening and MAO Applied on AZ31−0.5% La Sheets

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5201-5204
Author(s):  
G. Elmansouri ◽  
I. H. Kara ◽  
H. Ahlatci ◽  
Y. Turen
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Rolling Speed ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Immersion Corrosion ◽  
Micro Arc Oxidation ◽  
The One ◽  
Hot Rolled

In this study, the effect of Shot Peening (SP) and Micro Arc Oxidation (MAO) process on the corrosion resistance of 0.5% La with added AZ31 Mg alloy, hot rolled at different rolling speeds, was investigated. It was found that the surface of the rolled material at a rolling speed of 4.7m/min had higher surface smoothness values than the one rolled at 10m/min. It was observed that the corrosion rate changed in the first 40 of 168 hours. In the following hours, the corrosion rate showed different results according to the initial microstructure properties of the base materials. Initially, pore size was the dominant factor determining corrosion resistance, although, after coating, the corrosion rate was affected by the twins formed, based on rolling speed, which enhanced the corrosion rate between 48 and 168 hours.

Influence of temperature and potential range on Zn-Ni deposition properties formed by cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition in chloride bath solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadali Beheshti ◽  
Mokhtar Che Ismail ◽  
Saeid Kakooei ◽  
Shohreh Shahrestani
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Bath Solution ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Mobility Of Ions ◽  
X52 Steel

AbstractThis paper describes the study of electrodeposition process by cyclic voltammetry for Zn-Ni bimetallic coating on the X52 carbon steel substrate. Prior to the deposition at the bath temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and 60°C, investigations were carried out to find the optimum potential range for zinc-nickel coatings with respect to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used for surface morphology and elemental composition studies. The corrosion rate of the deposits was studied using the linear polarization resistance (LPR) method by immersing the samples (with and without coating) into 3.5% NaCl solution for 24 h. SEM and EDX results showed that the bath temperature has affected the formation of the microstructures and composition of coating. In addition, micro-cracks, nickel content, mobility of ions and compactness of microstructure increased by raising the bath temperature used for electrodeposition. The corrosion rate obtained from the LPR method can be correlated with the SEM/EDX analysis. The coating deposited at the temperature of 60°C including more content of nickel and micro-cracks led to lower corrosion resistance compared to the coating deposited at the bath solution temperatures of 25°C, 40°C, and non-coated X52 steel. Based on the results, the Zn-Ni coating deposited on the X52 steel substrate in the bath solution at 40°C presented the best performance due to more suitable achievements of microstructure compaction, composition, microcracks, and corrosion resistance observations.

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