scholarly journals CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY UNDER XI JINPING: CONTINUITY AND INNOVATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
I. E. Denisov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Rhetoric ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy

The article is devoted to the modern approaches of the PRC to international problems and the main changes in Chinese diplomacy after Xi Jinping’s coming to power in 2012. The diplomacy of Xi Jinping is characterized by a gradual departure from Deng Xiaoping’s foreign policy concept. The article reviews innovation, strategic ideas and new diplomatic initiatives of the Chinese leadership, as well as the challenges faced by China as one of the leading global players. From the author’s point of view, foreign evaluations of China’s foreign policy remain in the line with official Chinese concepts that tend to exaggerate the swiftness and revolutionary nature of changes in the diplomatic course of Xi Jinping. In reality, these changes occur more smoothly. In Beijing’s foreign policy there is a complex picture of the intertwining of various trends. External observers often take Chinese rhetoric for evidence of the allegedly emerging new quality of diplomacy. According to the author, in the 1970s. the true motives of Deng Xiaoping in the course of adopting a reserved and cautious foreign policy doctrine for China were not limited to saving Beijing’s limited resources necessary for internal development. He was moved by the fear of losing on the world chessboard to more experienced powers, which would mean an internal political discredit of the Communist Party and could undermine its power. Even today, China’s deep insecurity in its own strength continues to constrain its transition to a more ambitious foreign policy. Although China’s dependence on external conditions is obvious, internal political instability can not be compensated by any diplomatic successes and the most favorable external environment. The position of China as the world’s second economy is not automatically transformed into a global influence. Most of the changes that today are associated with the so-called fifth generation of Chinese leaders, in reality were initiated by their predecessors. Imaginary novelty is the continuation of China’s gradual adaptation to socio-economic changes at the national and global levels. The article concludes with an analysis of the prospects for changing China’s role in the world. 

Seizing the “Trump Opportunity” and Engaging the World: Chinese Foreign Policies in 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Lance L P GORE
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Policies

In 2017 China took advantage of the Trump administration’s “America-first” foreign policy to reinforce the three general trends of Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping. US-China relations had a slow, hesitant start but turned out unexpectedly well. However, China botched on the Korean Peninsula and had yet to put its relationship with India on a constructive path. The 19th Party Congress’s blueprint for Chinese development requires a bigger role for China on the world stage.

scholarly journals China’s Contemporary Foreign Policy Behavior: An Analysis through Realist, Liberal & Constructive Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (II) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Asif Farooq ◽  
Umbreen Javaid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Century ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Policy Behavior ◽  
Foreign Policy Behavior

China’s tremendous rise will certainly be one of the major turbulent of the current century. Chinese leadership has already astonished the world with its economic development and active diplomacy. It is apparent that there will be a greater increase in Chinese power, influence, and involvement in regional and global affairs in future decades. We cannot envisage the exact nature of Chinese objectives and intentions in near future, however, we can proclaim that Chinese aims will be more spacious than they now are. Some observers view this increasing Chinese enthusiasm in regional affairs as a step towards regional hegemony, while others regard it as promotion of mutual understandings and economic interdependence. Some regional states are viewing Chinese policies with cautions and concerns have been raised in international community. To discuss and elaborate all these aspects of Chinese foreign policy behavior; the major paradigms like realism, liberalism, and constructivism will be explored respectively.

scholarly journals Chinese researchers on philosophy and culture ground of Xi Jinping’s concept of a community with a shared future for mankind

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 128-140
Author(s):  
A. V. Boyarkina
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Marxist Philosophy ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Structural Methods

The concept of Xi Jinping "a community with a shared future for mankind" put forward at the 18-th National Congress in 2012, is one of the main Chinese philosophical and diplomatic strategies in the 21st century. The purpose of the article is to analyze Chinese academics’ ideas on philosophical and cultural ground of "a community with a shared future for mankind". The historical and structural methods of analysis are used. The novelty of the study is that the concept, in the author’s opinion, creatively develops Marxism, which reflects a view on the world and humanity from the point of view of countries and peoples, their culture and religion. The concept is focused on improving the life of mankind and preserving global environment. The author shows that this concept is bound with the ancient strategies of political culture and Marxist philosophy.

scholarly journals CHINA'S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS MYANMAR: A ROLE MODEL IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 07-17
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zreik
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Strategic Factors ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy

China has a large and professional diplomatic team spread all over the world. Chinese diplomacy mainly relies on soft power in its relations with international partners. Despite the unified outlines, Chinese foreign policy differs from one country to another, depending on the geographical location, the political system and the volume of trade exchange. Chinese foreign policy has gone through many stages, most notably the period of Mao Zedong who strictly applied the rules of socialism, and the period of Deng Xiaoping, known for its reform and openness policy, thus establishing a modern and more flexible Chinese system. President Xi Jinping's term is an extension of Deng Xiaoping's rule of thumb, but with more openness to international partners and economic expansion, especially with the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013. This paper deals with China's foreign policy towards Myanmar, and refers to the development of bilateral relations and China's interest in a distinguished relationship with Myanmar. The research indicates the strategic factors that make China interested in developing the relationship with Myanmar.

The Rise of Xi Jinping and China’s New Era: Implications for the United States and Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 2040004
Author(s):  
DREW THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Us ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
China’S Economy

Xi Jinping’s rise to power has heralded a new foreign policy that is more assertive and uncompromising toward China’s neighbors, the United States, and the rest of the world. This change presents challenges for the United States and Taiwan in particular which must be addressed with a sense of urgency due to Xi Jinping’s ambitious objectives and his firm grip on the levers of power which increase the likelihood that the Communist Party and government of China will seek to achieve them without delay. This paper reviews changes to Chinese foreign policy in the Xi Jinping era and argues how the modernization of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) over time has increased the threat to Taiwan, with concurrent risks for the United States. Taiwan and the US can address the challenge presented by China by strengthening their relationship to adapt to the new era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. According to CIA (2018), China’s economy now stands at approximately US$12 trillion, second only to the United States (CIA [2018]. World fact book). Unlike in 1978, China’s economy today is dependent on access to globally sourced raw materials, and access to overseas consumer markets for its industrial and consumer goods. This dependency on overseas markets has increased China’s global presence and interests, driving the need to protect them. The Chinese Government’s now ample resources have been allocated to both hard and soft power means toward this purpose. The PLA has greatly benefitted from economic development and the expansion of the Chinese economy, transforming from a backward institution focused on private-sector moneymaking into the sharpest tool of China’s power and influence. Since Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, China’s foreign policy and strategy have undergone a dramatic shift away from Deng Xiaoping’s focus on increasing domestic productivity and avoiding potentially costly overseas entanglements. The confluence of accumulated national wealth, diplomatic, economic, and military power, and the will to use those levers of power, has dramatic implications for the United States and China’s neighbors. A more assertive China, confident in its wealth, power, and international status, is increasingly unafraid of overt competition with its neighbors and the United States, unwilling to back down or compromise in the face of disputes. This dynamic has resulted in a new paradigm in the Indo-Pacific region that is unlike previous challenges of the past 40 years. The shift in China’s foreign policy and the PLA’s modernization threaten to challenge the credibility of US security assurances and alliances in the region, making the cultivation and strengthening of the US–Taiwan relationship, and the network of US bilateral alliances in the region an urgent imperative.

Historical–Geopolitical Contexts and the Transformation of Chinese Foreign Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Flint ◽  
Zhang Xiaotong
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Capitalist World Economy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
World Systems Analysis ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Geopolitical Context

Abstract In the past few years, China has made dramatic foreign policy decisions that have changed both the global landscape and the behaviour of other states. To understand fully the possibilities and limitations of China’s foreign policy, it is important to see its occurrences within geopolitical contexts. The main argument of this article is that geopolitical context must be theorised in order to understand the decisions of states. We define a political geography perspective within a world-systems analysis that creates a Space–Time matrix of context based on the core–periphery hierarchy of the capitalist world economy and economic and hegemonic cycles. Inspired by Chinese scholars and policymakers’ periodisations of Chinese diplomacy, we develop a new periodisation of Chinese diplomatic cycles from 1840 to 2039. Using this new periodisation of Chinese diplomacy, we situate the changing nature of Chinese foreign policy within our Space–Time matrix. We then evaluate the possibilities and challenges of China’s current foreign policy, with emphasis on the Belt and Road Initiative, by illustrating features of the contemporary geopolitical context. Finally, we discuss the implications of this for contemporary Chinese foreign policy.

The Nuclear Obsession: I. “Limited War”

Worldview ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
Jack Walker
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Limited War ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Nuclear Problem ◽  
To Come ◽  
General Tone

The general tone of the continuing dialogue between individuals and groups concerned with war, foreign policy in general, and morality is partly the result of the contradictions inherent in what I shall here term the “nuclear obsession.” While precise definitions are not critical in an essay of this sort, the nuclear obsession is defined here as the point of view, or state of mind, which holds that nuclear questions are of such overriding importance in the conduct of war and foreign policy that they dwarf all other questions. Those who attempt to think most precisely about what the world ultimately may have to do if it is to come to grips with the nuclear problem are not at all afraid of massive political change.

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