scholarly journals Pandemic Windfalls and Obligations of Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Berkey
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effects ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The World ◽  
Distributive Injustice

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused significant economic hardships for millions of people around the world. Meanwhile, many of the world’s richest people have seen their wealth increase substantially during the pandemic, despite the significant economic disruptions that it has caused on the whole. It is uncontroversial that these effects, which have exacerbated already unacceptable levels of poverty and inequality, call for robust policy responses from governments. In this paper, I argue that the disparate economic effects of the pandemic also generate direct obligations of justice for those who have benefitted from pandemic windfalls. Specifically, I argue that even if we accept that those who benefit from distributive injustice in the ordinary, predictable course of life within unjust institutions do not have direct obligations to redirect their unjust benefits to those who are unjustly disadvantaged, there are powerful reasons to hold that benefitting from pandemic windfalls does ground such an obligation.

scholarly journals Investigating the status of transgenic crops in Iran in terms of cultivation, consumption, laws and rights in comparison with the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Baghbani-Arani ◽  
Mona Poureisa ◽  
Hossein Alekajbaf ◽  
Rezvan Karami Borz-Abad ◽  
Khodadad Khodadadi-Dashtaki
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gm Crop ◽  
Gm Food ◽  
Gm Foods ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Transgenic Technologies

AbstractRecently, there has been a development in transgenic technologies in many countries to meet nutritional needs of increasing worlds҆ population. However, there are some concerns about possible risks in the field of growing genetically modified (GM) food, such as threats of biodiversity and food allergies making their use a challenge. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the economic effects and political scopes of GM foods in production sector and policies made by different countries in the world and Iran. Moreover, essential (practical and legal) solutions and guidelines were provided for production and consumption of GM foods, which are useful for governmental entities, Iranian politicians, and consumers' rights. The latest situation of transgenic crops in the countries with which Iran has the highest exchange of agricultural products (including Turkey, Pakistan, and the European Union (EU)) was also studied. Although, Iran has been one of leading Asian countries not only in the field of transfer of technical knowledge of genetic engineering, but also in development of the specialized knowledge of biosafety, and despite production of several transgenic plant lines by Iranian researchers, unfortunately no GM crop has obtained release and cultivation license except for GM rice that its growing process was banned after change of government. According to findings of this study, in Iran, growing and production process of GM crops does not follow the global trend owing to scientific and legal infrastructures.

scholarly journals Factors Determining the Success of HSR Building Projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Elena M. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Scientific Result ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

The article reviews the world experience in the construction and operation of high-speed railways in terms of factors that determine the success or failure of such projects. Since the construction of HSR is often considered as a part of national projects on a broader scale, it is proposed to use as criteria for success not only commercial indicators, but also various socio-economic effects arising from their implementation. The author classifies externalities that reflect the impact of HSR on the development of regions and cities and presents the results of foreign research on their quantitative and qualitative analysis. Special attention is paid to the experience of China, since this country significantly differs from the rest of the world in terms of development of high-speed rail traffic. In this regard, the largest amount of representative data that allows us to identify the success factors of HSR projects can be found for Chinese projects. The main scientific result of this article is a generalization of the existing experience of HSR construction projects and justification of the prospects for implementing such projects in the Russian Federation.

Social Media as a Tool for Gastronomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 313-332
Author(s):  
Gonca Güzel Şahin
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
The World

Many countries that have unique local gastronomy cultures develop and promote their regions for the purpose of economic effects for regional development instruments and to protect and sustain local culture and meet the demands of today's tourists. For the purpose of security and providing the sustainability of local culture diversities in the world, national and international organizations register and put under protection the local gastronomy assets. This occurs in various proportions. In order to compete with regional tourism, a variety of tourist attractions should be developed. Turkish cuisine one of three top cuisines in the world. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of marketing strategy on social media for the traditional Turkish cuisine and Turkish cultural cuisine.

A Short History and Thematic Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Victor V. Ramraj ◽  
Matthew Little
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Short History ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Emergency Powers ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Sheer Size

This chapter provides a short history and epidemiological overview of the Covid-19 pandemic, from its origin in Wuhan, China, to its spread across Asia and around the world. It identifies the five law and policy themes discussed in this book—first wave containment measures; emergency powers; technology, science, and expertise; politics, religion, and governance; and economy, climate, and sustainability—and concludes with some reflections and questions on Asia’s role in formulating responses to a pandemic in particular, and global crises more generally. Although Covid-19 quickly became a global pandemic, a focus on responses in Asia is both practical and intellectually defensible for three main reasons. First, China was the epicentre of the pandemic, which spread throughout January and February to other parts of the region. Second, Asia’s legal and political diversity provides a complex environment in which to study the challenges of policy responses and inter-governmental coordination, even without shifting to the global scale. Finally, Asia’s sheer size complicates matters even further.

Our Cyber-Systemic Future

2020 ◽  
pp. 1969-1978
Author(s):  
Raul Espejo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Systemic Thinking ◽  
Complexity Management ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
World Organisation

How can systems and cybernetics address the issues arising from an increasingly complex world, that often is beyond our traditional response capabilities? The author argues that to address such complexity we require imaginative propositions and innovative behaviours to see and address the inherently systemic nature of our world, which too often is fragmented by policies driven by non-systemic models. Socially, we live in a world experiencing systemic deficit; our policy responses are often fragmented, but even if they are not, socially designed responses fail to recognise environmental constraints and produce innovative allocations of requisite resources to make them happen. The author argues that conversational spaces, such as those offered by the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics [WOSC], and other cybersystemic associations, should help dealing with fragmentation and resources allocation; he sees these conversations as necessary contributions to redress our systemic deficit. Systemic thinking should help in visualising social situations as wholes, thus reducing the chances of dysfunctional fragmentation and cybernetics should help us understanding processes of dynamic stability in the interactions among and between people, institutions, and organizations. Systemic thinking should give us methodological tools; cybernetics should give us communication tools to manage the complexity of situations from the local to the global. The paper discusses complexity management strategies, emphasising the need to deal operationally with this complexity rather than cognitively; operational complexity is orders of magnitude larger than cognitive complexity. The paper ends up with an illustration of these complexity management strategies in higher education.

Our Cyber-Systemic Future

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Raul Espejo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Systemic Thinking ◽  
Complexity Management ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
World Organisation

How can systems and cybernetics address the issues arising from an increasingly complex world, that often is beyond our traditional response capabilities? The author argues that to address such complexity we require imaginative propositions and innovative behaviours to see and address the inherently systemic nature of our world, which too often is fragmented by policies driven by non-systemic models. Socially, we live in a world experiencing systemic deficit; our policy responses are often fragmented, but even if they are not, socially designed responses fail to recognise environmental constraints and produce innovative allocations of requisite resources to make them happen. The author argues that conversational spaces, such as those offered by the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics [WOSC], and other cybersystemic associations, should help dealing with fragmentation and resources allocation; he sees these conversations as necessary contributions to redress our systemic deficit. Systemic thinking should help in visualising social situations as wholes, thus reducing the chances of dysfunctional fragmentation and cybernetics should help us understanding processes of dynamic stability in the interactions among and between people, institutions, and organizations. Systemic thinking should give us methodological tools; cybernetics should give us communication tools to manage the complexity of situations from the local to the global. The paper discusses complexity management strategies, emphasising the need to deal operationally with this complexity rather than cognitively; operational complexity is orders of magnitude larger than cognitive complexity. The paper ends up with an illustration of these complexity management strategies in higher education.

Climate change and supply-chain vulnerability

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Andreoni ◽  
Apollonia Miola
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World

Purpose – The increasing complexity of the present economic system and the strong interdependencies existing between production activities taking place in different world areas make modern societies vulnerable to crisis. The global supply chain is a paradigmatic example of economic structures on which the impacts of unexpected events propagate rapidly through the system. Climate change, which affects societies all over the world, is one of the most important factors influencing the efficiency of the present economic networks. During the last decades a large set of studies have been oriented to investigate the direct impacts generated on specific geographical areas or productions. However, a smaller number of analyses have been oriented to quantify the cascading and indirect economic effects generated all over the world. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the main studies, methodologies and databases used to investigate the climate vulnerability of the global supply chain. Findings – The great complexity of the global economic system, coupled with methodological and data gaps, makes it difficult to estimate the domino effects of unexpected events. A clear understanding of the possible consequences generated all over the world is, however, a fundamental step to build socio-economic resilience and to plan effective adaptation strategies. Originality/value – The information provided in this paper can be useful to support further studies, to build consistent quantification methodologies and to fill the possible data gap.

A Portrait of North American Urban Historians

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237-1245
Author(s):  
Richard Harris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Profile ◽  
Race Ethnicity

A survey of members of the Urban History Association (UHA) undertaken in March 2017 provides information about the character, views, and prospects of urban history in North America. Most UHA members are professional historians. Their age profile is balanced; women and minorities are underrepresented, though their age profile indicates that members will become more diverse. They are researching cities around the world, but focus mainly on the larger U.S. cities. Thematically, their main interests are in planning/design, race/ethnicity, politics, and housing, in that order. Most situate their work on U.S. cities within a national frame of reference; only half believe that there is something distinctively urban about cities. Those who do tend to highlight social, political, and cultural, as opposed to economic, effects. Their intellectual influences are primarily other urban historians rather than more theoretically oriented writers.

scholarly journals Energy Effectiveness of Jet Fuel Utilization in Brazilian Air Transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoela Cabo ◽  
Elton Fernandes ◽  
Paulo Alonso ◽  
Ricardo Rodrigues Pacheco ◽  
Felipe Fagundes
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World

Since World War I, the commercial aviation industry has seen many improvements that now allow people and goods to reach the other side of the world in a few hours, consuming much less fuel than in recent decades. Improvements in cargo capacity and energy efficiency were significant, and in this scenario, commercial airlines were able to thrive and bring great benefits to the world economy. However, this sector is facing environmental challenges due to the intensive use of jet fuel. Brazil is one of the largest domestic air passenger markets in the world and still has great growth potential, considering its economic potential and territorial dimensions, which are roughly the same size as the US and twice the size of the European Union. This paper discusses the partial productivity of jet fuel in Brazilian domestic aviation and proposes an econometric method to support public regulators and airline decisions. The proposed model uses variables, such as aircraft size, route characteristics, and idle flight capacity, in a panel data analysis. The results show that reducing idle capacity is one of the best ways to achieve better short-term fuel efficiency, and therefore will reduce the environmental impacts and have positive economic effects on commercial air transport activities. This paper brings a new approach to the discussion of airline performance, focusing on the use of jet fuel, with economic and environmental consequences.

A Study on the Economic Benefits of Globalization: Focusing on the Poverty and Inequality between the Rich and the Poor

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyup Shin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Developed Countries

Globalization is now well recognized by many as an inescapable feature of the world today. In particular, in the middle of global economic crisis globalization is one of the hot issues drawing much attention from countries around the world. There are contradictory perspectives on globalization. There are many sweeping statements that assert that economic globalization is increasing global poverty and inequality between the rich and the poor in the world. There are also many others who insist that the poverty and inequality issues have been resolved in some sense through globalization. In order to find the answer to the question, firstly the meaning of globalization was fully explained. Based on the understanding of globalization, the questions such as how globalization has contributed to reduce the economic gap between the developed and the developing countries, and to reduce the poverty by analyzing the economic growth, the number of people living below the absolute poverty line and so on were analyzed. The reasons why globalization is a good opportunity for some countries while some other countries get not something from the globalization was also discussed in this research. We found that globalization has contributed to reduce global poverty and to increase the welfare of both the developed and developing countries. However globalization has impacted different groups differently. Some have benefited enormously, while others have borne more of the costs. The developed countries could get more economic benefits from the less developed countries through globalization. This means, inequality between the rich and the poor countries still remained as a serious threat in the global economy. And even among the developing countries globalization has impacted differently. The trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing countries There are two main reasons for the inequality existing between the developed and developing countries. The fist one is the difference of economic size and power between the developed countries and the developing countries started to exist from the late 18th century. The second one is the differences in the management skill in taking advantage of the globalization.

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