Introduction

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith G. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Process Monitoring ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Political Process ◽  
International Community ◽  
Election Monitoring

This introductory chapter discusses the credibility of international institutions and the methods the international community uses to promote good domestic governance. It asks about whether international election monitors improve the quality of elections. Given the logistical and political challenges to their efforts to assess elections, skeptics would have plenty of reasons to question claims that monitoring organizations could actually influence the behavior of politicians in any way. Theoretically, monitors may be able to improve elections through several mechanisms. Yet, as early critics noted, international election monitoring organizations are highly complicated actors and monitoring is a complex undertaking. By injecting themselves into the domestic political process, monitoring organizations raise many questions about their conduct and effects and, by extension, about the motivations of the international actors who sponsor them.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke A. Ackerly
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Power Relation ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Women's Human Rights ◽  
Taking Responsibility

Just responsibility is a transformative human rights politics for taking on the complexities, power inequalities, and social normalization of injustice itself. Just responsibility is a human rights theory of political responsibility in which we understand human rights as enjoyed and shared throughout political community (and human rights entitlements as a tool toward that end), political community as defined by its web of networks, not its boundaries, accountability as a political process of discernment, not a power relation, and leadership as a quality of political community, not of individuals within it. Found within and supported by the principles-in-practice of women’s human rights activists, this grounded normative theory of responsibility guides us in a human rights enhancing way to be accountable leaders in political transformation, taking responsibility for global injustice in a just way.

Institutions and Political Support

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Bowler
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Political Support ◽  
The Political ◽  
General Expectation ◽  
Using Data

This chapter analyzes to what extent variation in political institutions affects political support. The chapter observes that the existing research is not always clear on which institutions should produce what kind of effect, although a general expectation is that institutional arrangements improve political support when they give citizens an increased sense of connection to the political process. In general then, we should expect institutions that strengthen the quality of representation to strengthen political support. This general expectation is specified in six hypotheses that are tested using data from the ESS 2012. The chapter demonstrates that electoral systems that provide voters with more choice about candidates, multiparty governments, and “responsive” legislatures, correlate positively with political support. However, compared to other macro-level factors and individual characteristics, the effects of political institutions on political support are modest. The chapter concludes that the prospects for institutional reform to strengthen political support are limited.

International Institutions and the Environmental Crisis: A Look Ahead

1972 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Kay ◽  
Eugene B. Skolnikoff
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
International Issue ◽  
Surrounding Areas

In the industrialized northern hemisphere we are assaulted daily with evidence of the deteriorating quality of the human environment: Rivers are closed to fishing because of dangerous levels of contamination; the safety of important foods is challenged; the foul air that major urban areas have been forced to endure is now spreading like an inkblot into surrounding areas. Lack of early concern about the implications for the environment of the widespread application of modern technology has allowed the problem to grow rapidly into a critical domestic and international issue.

Explaining Political Knowledge: The Role of Procedural Quality in an Informed Citizenry

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Clark
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
The Political ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Informed Citizenry ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Knowledge Seeking

While much is known about the micro-level predictors of political knowledge, there have been relatively few efforts to study the potential macro-level causes of knowledge. Seeking to improve our understanding of country-based variation in knowledge, this article demonstrates that individuals have an easier time finding and interpreting information in political environments that provide the public with greater opportunities to engage, observe, and learn about the political process. To investigate that possibility, the article analyzes how the procedural quality of the political process affects political knowledge. Using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and the Worldwide Governance Indicators Project, survey analyses show that the transparency and responsiveness of a political system indeed influence the public’s information about political parties and, to a lesser extent, the amount of factual knowledge retained by survey respondents. In other words, the quality of democratic governance affects how much individuals know about the political process.

scholarly journals An Approach of Legisprudence Theory to Assess the Quality of Local Regulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Marthen Arie
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Local Regulation ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Political Approach ◽  
Important Object

The applicable law (as a result of legislation) is not always a reflection of the society concerned. Local regulations in the area were impressed into law to be “forced” because it does not conform to the spirit and characteristics of the society. The formation of local regulation is increasingly complex and complicated when the process and its substance beside cannot be separated from the political process, it is also cannot be separated from social processes. The problematic of local regulation formation is indicated by the fact that the authorized institution to arrange the local regulation is still not sufficient to produce products of high quality local laws. Legisprudence theory may open new perspectives on the validity of norm or legitimacy of norm and by course using this approach the quality of local regulations will be more qualified. Although a political approach is more into the heart in the legislative process but legislation and regulation can be an important object. Legal theory is not only a basis on enforcement or implementation of the rule of law, but it is very useful theory in law-making.

Electoral-system change in Latvia and the elections of 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Millard
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
System Change ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Preference System ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
Multiple Constituencies

Latvia’s highly distinctive proportional electoral system owes its origins to Latvia’s 1922 Constitution and the new democracy’s electoral legislation of 1919 and 1922. Latvia’s unique feature lies in its preference system, offering the voters the opportunity to judge each candidate on their party’s list. Although the system appears to maximise responsiveness to voters’ preferences, in practice this promise remained unfulfilled and the representative quality of parliament was questionable. This was in large measure because of the capacity of candidates to stand in multiple constituencies. In 2009 amendments to the electoral law altered this key provision. This change clearly made a difference, but it could not resolve fundamental problems of Latvia’s political process in general and its political parties in particular.

Process Monitoring of 3D Metal Printing in Industrial Scale

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadhossein Amini ◽  
Shing Chang
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Process Monitoring ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Metal ◽  
Metal Printing ◽  
Metal 3D Printing ◽  
Using Data

Metal 3D printing is one of the fastest growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in recent years. Despite the improvements and capabilities, reliable metal printing is still not well understood. One of the barriers of industrialization of metal AM is process monitoring and quality assurance of the printed product. These barriers are especially much highlighted in aerospace and medical device manufacturing industries where the high reliability and quality is needed. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is one of the main metal 3D printing methods where it is known that more than 50 parameters are affecting the quality of the print. However, the current SLM printing process barely utilize a fraction of the collected data during production. Up to this point, no study to the best of our knowledge examines the correlation of factors affecting the quality of the print. After reviewing the current state of the art of process monitoring for metal AM involving SLM, we propose a method to control the process of the print in each layer and prevent the defects using data-driven techniques. A numerical study using simulated numbers is provided to demonstrate how the proposed method can be implemented.

DETERMINING VIBROACOUS AND PART PROCESSING QUALITY ON AUTOMATED GRINDERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Я. Ш. Шамсадова ◽  
Х. Ш. Шамсадов ◽  
Х. Р. Визирова
Keyword(s):  
Process Monitoring ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Processing Quality ◽  
Internal Grinding ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Grinding Machines ◽  
Dynamic Quality ◽  
Reference Machine

В данной статье рассматриваются результаты испытаний внутришлифовальных станков SIW-4, для получения представления об уровне технологической надежности станков. Далее сформулированы рекомендации по ремонтно-профилактическим работам в случае его снижения, при испытаниях станков одной модели можно определить эталонный станок по качеству обработки и динамическому качеству, а затем наметить и реализовать в рамках системы мониторинга техно - логического процесса (СМТП) план мероприятий по повышению динамического качества станков до уровня эталонного. This article discusses the results of tests of SIW-4 internal grinding machines, to get an idea of the level of technological reliability of the machines. Further, recommendations are formulated for repair and maintenance work in the event of its reduction, when testing machines of one model, you can determine the reference machine for processing quality and dynamic quality, and then plan and implement an action plan to improve the dynamic quality of machines to the standard level within the framework of the process monitoring system (SMTP).

Fit Quality Evaluation and Fit Capability Analysis

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
X. Daniel Fang
Keyword(s):  
Process Monitoring ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Process Capability Indices ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Evaluation Measures ◽  
Capability Indices ◽  
Capability Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A new measure for evaluating fit quality of mating parts via Fit Capability Indices (FCIs) is introduced as an interface between fit quality and process control of the mating parts. Fit Capability Analysis method is discussed based on the relationship between FCIs and Process Capability Indices (PCIs). A new statistical tolerancing approach for assuring predetermined fit quality is developed on the basis of fit quality evaluation measures and fit capability analysis, which can be used as a guideline to process design and process monitoring of the mating parts.

New Protection Status of Juvenile Victims with the Passage of the New Criminal Legislation in Cambodia

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Stan V. Starygin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Justice System ◽  
International Community ◽  
Criminal Legislation

AbstractThis article seeks to explore whether the position of juvenile victims, vis-à-vis the Cambodian criminal law, has changed with the passage of the new criminal legislation and whether this change is positive or otherwise. The quality of this change, henceforth, will demonstrate to the reader whether the overall reform of the juvenile justice component of Cambodia's criminal justice system, which has spanned over the last 15 years and has been funded by the international community, has been a success. The author has limited the scope of this inquiry to a comparison between the various domestic laws applicable to juvenile victims and did not include comparisons with international law, model laws or juvenile laws of other states. Being the first publication of its kind, this analysis limits its claim to the analysis of the relevant statutory provisions rather than ‘practice notes’ which have yet to develop.

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