The Wartime Transformation of Student Visitors into Refugee Citizens, 1943–1955

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline Y. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese People ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Good Standing ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
Legal Immigrant ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Flower Drum Song ◽  
The U.S

This chapter explores how the Chinese people present in America on temporary visas as students, technical trainees, diplomats, sailors, and so forth suddenly found themselves stranded by the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. For instance, C.Y. Lee, the author of Flower Drum Song, was rescued from refugee status by changes in immigration laws and procedures that allowed resident Chinese in good standing to receive permanent status. On behalf of this group of elite, highly educated Chinese, the State Department and Congress made accommodations rather than force such usefully trained workers to return to a now hostile state. Lee's transformation from student to refugee and then to legal immigrant mirrors that of thousands of other Chinese intellectuals who received American assistance to remain, enter the U.S. workforce, and become citizens.

Any DNA to Declare? Regulating Offshore Access to Genetic Enhancement

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 179-213
Author(s):  
Maxwell J. Mehlman ◽  
Kirsten M. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
Law School ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
The Government ◽  
Travel Abroad ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

Imagine a world in which parents can genetically enhance their child's height so that he becomes a professional basketball player. Or imagine a law school student preparing for the bar who takes out an extra loan to genetically enhance his intelligence. What if going to your physician for a routine physical included the option of genetically enhancing any trait you desired? And what if such a practice was expensive and, therefore, only available to the privileged members of society? Is this desirable or should the U.S. government ban genetic enhancement? What if the government bans it and citizens travel abroad to receive genetic enhancement treatments? Can the U.S. government do anything to prevent access to illegal genetic enhancement abroad?

Collective (Mis)Representation of U.S. Immigration Laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-532
Author(s):  
Stephanie Pedron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Collective Representations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Ideal

This paper examines historic federal immigration policies that demonstrate how the United States has rendered entire groups of people living inside and outside of its territory as outsiders. Collective representations like the Statue of Liberty suggest that the U.S. is a nation that welcomes all immigrants, when in reality, the U.S. has historically functioned as a “gatekeeper” that excludes specific groups of people at different times. The concurrent existence of disparate beliefs within a society’s collective consciousness influences the public’s views toward citizenship and results in policy outcomes that contrast sharply from the ideal values that many collective representations signify. As restrictive immigration controls are refined, insight into how immigrant exclusion via federal policy has evolved is necessary to minimize future legislative consequences that have the potential to ostracize current and future Americans.

scholarly journals Mexican Structural Reforms and the United States Congress

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ana María Zorrilla Noriega
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Bilateral Relationship ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

Diverse structural reforms were enacted in Mexico during 2013 and 2014. Since these reforms were made on the constitutional level, they must be translated into specific laws and regulations; and more importantly, they must be implemented in an efficient manner. As Mexico is experiencing this transformation, its relations with United States are also evolving. This transition will probably imply new challenges with regard to different aspects of the bilateral relationship. Considering that the U.S. Congress plays a significant role in shaping those relations, the purpose of this article is to analyze some significant issues that have received or are likely to receive special attention in the U.S. Congress. This article is divided into seven sections. The first one presents an analysis of the complexity of U.S.-Mexico relations. The second part includes an explanation regarding Mexican reforms of 2013 and 2014, as well as the resulted transition in the bilateral relationship. The next four sections address significant pillars of this relationship: security, economy, migration, and energy. Each of these parts comprises a general overview of the U.S.-Mexico relations in that specific matter; a description of the views of the Mexican government and reforms of its constitutional and legal framework; and an analysis of the most relevant legislative actions that have recently taken place or are likely to receive attention in the U.S. Congress. The seventh section addresses other relevant aspects that should be taken into account in the policyand law-making processes.

Pesticide Residues in Foods: Recent Events and Emerging Issues

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl K. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Food Tolerance ◽  
Circuit Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

Food safety concerns involving pesticide residues continue to receive widespread public, legislative, and scientific attention. The National Research Council's 1993 report Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children concluded that significant improvements in the U.S. government's pesticide risk assessment and food tolerance establishment procedures were needed. Strict interpretation of the Delaney Clause by the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has led to the projected elimination of several pesticide uses due to statutory, rather than scientific considerations. Congressional “solutions” to the Delaney problem may have broad impacts upon future pest management practices if adopted. Emerging issues include the safety of imported produce and the potential effects of trade agreements such as NAFTA and GATT upon U.S. pesticide residue standards.

What price for a year of life? A survey of U.S. and Canadian oncologists

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6565-6565
Author(s):  
S. R. Berry ◽  
P. J. Neumann ◽  
C. Bell ◽  
E. Nadler ◽  
W. C. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Expensive Drug ◽  
Hypothetical Treatment ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The Stability ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

6565 Background: New cancer drugs are increasingly expensive and raise difficult questions about the magnitude of therapeutic benefit needed to justify their incremental cost. In this context, it is unclear whether oncologists endorse standard thresholds of $50,000 to $100,000 per year of life. Methods: We surveyed 1,379 U.S. and 356 Canadian (Cdn) oncologists and asked how much longer a patient would need to survive metastatic cancer to justify the expense of a new treatment. To determine the stability of attitudes towards cost-effectiveness (CE) we randomized oncologists to receive two different versions of the scenario in which the price of the new treatment was varied (higher versus lower drug cost). In the U.S. survey, oncologists were also randomized to receive surveys in which we varied the provision of contextual information about the CE of several familiar interventions. Both U.S. and Cdn oncologists were asked to indicate what they “thought was ‘good value for money’ expressed as cost per life-year gained (LYG).” Results: Response rate was 57% in the U.S. and 48% in Canada. CE ratios implied by oncologists’ responses differed significantly between the groups randomized to the higher versus lower price of the hypothetical treatment (p < 0.001 U.S., p < 0.0001 Canada), but were independent of randomization to varying contextual information (p > 0.1). The median willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted year of life ranged from $150,000 (for oncologists considering the lower priced drug) to $250,000 (for those considering the more expensive drug) in both countries. Among those who considered the more expensive drug, 25% of respondents implicitly endorsed a CE ratio greater than $600,000 (U.S.) and $500,000 (Canada). In contrast, when asked directly to indicate CE ratios that were good value for the money outside of the clinical scenario, 70% (U.S.) and 64% (Canada) of respondents indicated values of less than $100,000 per LYG. Conclusions: Oncologists responding to our survey provided inconsistent views on how much benefit expensive new drugs should provide to be worthwhile. This suggests that means of eliciting input from physicians that reflect more stable attitudes need to be developed to appropriately inform decision-makers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals To vaccinate or not to vaccinate!? Predictors of willingness to receive Covid-19 vaccination in Europe, the U.S., and China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260230
Author(s):  
Julia Brailovskaia ◽  
Silvia Schneider ◽  
Jürgen Margraf
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Physical Health Status ◽  
Governmental Communication ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Country Specific

Researcher teams around the globe including the “Project Lightspeed” are intensively working on vaccines to fight the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the availability of effective vaccines does not guarantee the vaccination willingness among the population. In spring 2021, we investigated the vaccination willingness and its potential predictors in representative online samples in nine countries (China, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, U.K., U.S.). Of the 9,264 participants, 79.9% revealed Covid-19 vaccination willingness. The highest willingness was in the U.K., followed by Spain and China, the lowest in Russia. In most countries, the perception of governmental Covid-19 measures as useful and the use of television reports as Covid-19 information source positively predicted the willingness. Further factors such as demographic variables, mental and physical health status, evaluation of governmental communication, social media use, and general adherence to Covid-19 measures showed a country-specific predictive pattern. Recommendations how to increase the vaccination willingness are provided.

scholarly journals MDUFA and its Impact on Medical Device Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 2109-2116
Author(s):  
Anjana B ◽  
Naga Gouri T ◽  
Pramod Kumar T M ◽  
Venkatesh M P
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Device User ◽  
User Fee ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Short Time ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Congress passed Medical Device User Fee Act (MDUFA), where FDA is required to assign and collect fees from manufacturers of medical devices to evaluate the functioning and the usage of the device.  for the purpose of fastening the analysis of the application of the drug. The Medical Device User Fee Modernization Act was first adopted in 2002. The act focussed on innovative review process and reviewing capabilities of experts. Every five years, MDUFA comes up with reauthorisation. The act was reauthorized in 2007 by reducing the application fee and introducing certain new fees such as the annual product fee and annual establishment fee which helped in pre-market evaluation. Few issues being raised in MDUFA II led the congress to enact an amendment. The next revision of the act made the review process more efficient and interactive with the applicant to meet the timelines. Recent amendment has set up several new performance goals and proposes certain changes to the previous amendments. The device manufacturers are currently in a position to receive regulatory approval in a short time compared to the pre-MDUFA period. MDUFA has helped in improving the patient health by streamlining the FDA’s approval process for application of new medical device, thereby allowing patient’s quicker access to potentially life changing therapies.

scholarly journals Payments under the Average Crop Revenue Program: Implications for Government Costs and Producer Preferences

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peripheral Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Payment Rate ◽  
The U.S

This paper develops a stochastic model for comparing payments to U.S. corn producers under the U.S. Senate's Average Crop Revenue Program (ACR) versus payments under the price-based marketing loan benefit and countercyclical payment programs. Using this model, the paper examines the sensitivity of the density function for payments to changes in expected price levels. We also assess the impact of the choice of yield aggregation used in the ACR payment rate on the mean and variance of farm returns. We find that ACR payments lower the producer's coefficient of variation of total revenue more than does the price-based support, although ACR may not raise mean revenue as much. While corn farmers in the heartland states might still prefer to receive the traditional forms of support when prices are low relative to statutory loan rates and target prices, this outcome is not necessarily the case for farmers in peripheral production regions.

Doe v. Immigration and Naturalization Service

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-573
Author(s):  
Gregory H. Fox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advisory Opinion ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
Immigration And Naturalization Service ◽  
Objective Standard ◽  
Chinese Citizen ◽  
The U.S

The plaintiff, a Chinese citizen who entered the United States under a nonimmigrant student visa, appealed from a decision by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to deny his request for asylum. Plaintiff claimed that he had a “well-founded fear of persecution,” the prerequisite to attaining “refugee” status under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the Act) and implementing regulations promulgated by the INS. He also claimed that the immigration judge had erred by refusing to obtain a second advisory opinion from the Department of State’s Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs (BHRHA). The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (per Nelson, J.) held that (1) the immigration judge had abused his discretion by not requesting a second advisory opinion from the BHRHA; and (2) the judge had incorrectly applied an objective standard in evaluating plaintiffs asylum request, when credible evidence demonstrated that plaintiff had a subjectively valid fear of persecution if deported to China. The court remanded the case to the immigration judge with instructions to obtain a second opinion from the BHRHA and to consider plaintiffs asylum request on the assumption that he qualified as a “refugee.”

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