Lar(es)/Genius and Juno/Snake(s)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet I. Flower
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Text ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

This chapter is organized into nine interrelated sections. Since the evidence about the lares is so fragmented and disparate, each ancient text or image is examined in its own right. It clears the ground for the discussion by first addressing the debate in the antiquarian sources about the basic nature of lares. It argues against the interpretation of lares as spirits of the deceased and in favor of seeing them as benevolent deities of place and of travel. Moving on from the theoretical classification of these distinctly academic texts, it looks at both literary and epigraphic evidence from the archaic Arval hymn onward. The remainder of the chapter considers which Latin authors refer to twin lares as opposed to a single lar. It also draws together the evidence from painted iconography, written text, and ritual custom to suggest an overall interpretation of the lares and snakes as “gods of place,” who receive gifts and honor from a genius on the Bay of Naples.

The Potential of the Russian Language Textbook in the Formation of Primary Schoolchildren’s Communicative Literacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
M. I. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Speech Situation ◽  
Linguistic Means

One of the goals of the Russian language course in the primary school is the formation of the communicative literacy. The content of the course should be aimed at understanding the wealth of linguistic means by primary school children; the formation of the ability to detect a violation of linguistic norms and the inadequacy of the linguistic means used in the speech situation; the accumulation of the experience in choosing of linguistic means in accordance with the peculiarities of the speech situation; the creation of oral and written texts that meet the criteria of content, connectivity, compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language. The article considers the classification of exercises that contribute to the formation of communicative literacy. The author gives the examples of exercises where the student acts in different roles: the student is an observer of the speech situation and analyzes the adequacy of the choice of linguistic means; the student is a direct participant in the given speech situation and makes a choice of language facilities; the student is offered to create the speech situation himself, to independently construct an oral and written text.

scholarly journals Potential of Documentary Evidence to Study Fatalities of Hydrological and Meteorological Events in the Czech Republic

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brázdil ◽  
Chromá ◽  
Řehoř ◽  
Zahradníček ◽  
Dolák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Convective Storm ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

This paper presents the potential of documentary evidence for enhancing the study of fatalities taking place in the course of hydrological and meteorological events (HMEs). Chronicles, “books of memory”, weather diaries, newspapers (media), parliamentary proposals, epigraphic evidence, systematic meteorological/hydrological observations, and professional papers provide a broad base for gathering such information in the Czech Republic, especially since 1901. The spatiotemporal variability of 269 fatalities in the Czech Republic arising out of 103 HMEs (flood, flash flood, windstorm, convective storm, lightning, frost, snow/glaze-ice calamity, heat, and other events) in the 1981–2018 period is presented, with particular attention to closer characterisation of fatalities (gender, age, cause of death, place, type of death, and behaviour). Examples of three outstanding events with the highest numbers of fatalities (severe frosts in the extremely cold winter of 1928/1929, a flash flood on 9 June 1970, and a rain flood in July 1997) are described in detail. Discussion of results includes the problem of data uncertainty, factors influencing the numbers of fatalities, and the broader context. Since floods are responsible for the highest proportion of HME-related deaths, places with fatalities are located mainly around rivers and drowning appears as the main cause of death. In the further classification of fatalities, males and adults clearly prevail, while indirect victims and hazardous behaviour are strongly represented.

De Kennis Van 11- en 12-Jarigen Over Tekstproductie; Leerlingen Aan Het Woord

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
A. van Gelderen
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Rationale ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Text Production ◽  
Selection Of

In a study of composition skills of students in the highest grades of primary school four experimental tasks were administered to 32 subjects. Each was designed with the purpose to find specific knowledge and strategies for producing written text that are available to children of this age. In all tasks the children were asked to concentrate exclusively on certain difficulties of text production, to wit: a) the selection of global ideas, b) the organisation of ideas, c) the translation of ideas into written sentences, d) reviewing and revising text. A theoretical rationale for the task construction is given and one of the tasks (a) is explained more fully. Results of this task, based on a classification of arguments the students gave for selecting ideas are reported and some conclusions are given focussing on the implications of the study for writing education.

On classification of abstracts obtained from medical journals

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-663
Author(s):  
Bekir Parlak ◽  
Alper Kürşat Uysal
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Hybrid Features ◽  
Text Documents ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Medical Documents ◽  
Agglutinative Languages

Classification of medical documents was mostly carried out on English data sets and these studies were performed on hospital records rather than academic texts. The main reasons behind this situation are the lack of publicly available data sets and the tasks being costly and time-consuming. As the first contribution of this study, two data sets including Turkish and English counterparts of the same abstracts published in Turkish medical journals were constructed. Turkish is one of the widely used agglutinative languages worldwide and English is a good example of non-agglutinative languages. While English abstracts were obtained automatically from MEDLINE database with a computer program, Turkish counterparts of these documents were collected manually from the Internet. As the second contribution of this study, an extensive comparison on classification of abstracts obtained from Turkish medical journals was made by using these two equivalent data sets. Features were extracted from text documents with three different approaches: unigram, bigram and hybrid. Hybrid approach includes a combination of unigram and bigram features. In the experiments, three different feature selection methods and seven different classifiers were utilised. According to the results on both data sets, classification performance of the English abstracts outperformed the Turkish counterparts. Maximum accuracies were obtained from the combination of unigram features, distinguishing feature selector (DFS) and multinomial naïve Bayes (MNB) classifier for both data sets. Unigram features were generally more efficient than bigram and hybrid features. However, analysis of top-10 features indicated that nearly half of the features were translations of each other for Turkish and English data sets.

Film translation in China

Babel ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Haikuo
Keyword(s):  
Social Preference ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Chinese Film ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Spoken Text ◽  
Text Mode ◽  
Lip Sync ◽  
Film Language ◽  
Lip Synchronization

Film translation in China began as early as 1949 and has been developing very fast. This article aims at providing an overview of the current situation of film translation in China and explores the two major types of English-Chinese film translation: dubbing and subtitling. Therefore, it can be roughly divided into two parts. The first part constitutes a general background for the study of film translation. The author of this article first discusses film’s origin and nature, the features of film language and the classification of film translation. Of the four categories of film translation (subtitling, lip-sync dubbing, narration, and free-commentary), dubbing and subtitling are the main forms used in China. Then the differences between the two types and social preference for them are analyzed. The author also presents a summary of film translation’s development and current studies on this topic. The second part probes into the details of dubbing and subtitling. This article investigates the features and technical constraints of dubbing and subtitling. The main techniques adopted in practice are illustrated through specific examples. Both forms have their relative advantages and disadvantages. In subtitling, standardization and simplification are its two important techniques. Standardization is concerned with the transfer of text mode – from spoken text to written text, while simplification is related to the technical constraints in subtitling, namely spatial and temporal constraints. In dubbing, the translator should make his translation fit into the pictures and synchronize the lines and the pictures, so lip synchronization, gestures and pauses are the major constraints in dubbing. As the two main forms of film translation in China, dubbing and subtitling coexist and compete with each other in the market.

scholarly journals Culture-Bound Web-Based Institutional Academic Texts. The Case of Some Romance Language University Websites in English

Linguaculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-131
Author(s):  
Ioana-Carmen Păștinaru
Keyword(s):  
Web Based ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Romance Language ◽  
University Websites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

The internationalisation process of European higher education over the past years largely encouraged the translation into English of many university websites. However, the (deliberate or nondeliberate) presence of culture-bound terms on the English version of university websites represents an issue of debate, considering the worldwide provenance of visitors accessing the websites and the purpose of these texts. The main goal of this article is to analyse the appropriateness of translation strategies used for the culture-bound terms on university websites. The practical part of this research uses Aixelá’s classification of translation strategies for the analysis of the culture-bound terms identified on some Romance language university webpages translated into English, allowing a series of suggestions and recommendations in each case. The study results have demonstrated that the strategy of conservation through repetition is used most often. Last but not least, this paper intends to raise awareness as to the translator’s role and the impact of the quality of translations of university webpages into English as a lingua franca.

scholarly journals Strategy of Deterrence and Terrorism

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Linda JANKŮ ◽  
Petr SUCHÝ
Keyword(s):  
Academic Texts ◽  
Terrorist Groups

The article deals with deterrence of terrorism. The aim is to assess validity of a proposition that it is possible to deter terrorist groups, but there are some specifics in comparison to the deterrence of states. First, we determine deterrence threats which can be applied in relation to terrorist groups and discuss possible restraints of their application in practice. This is followed by an analysis of whether deterrence can be applied against all types of terrorist groups without distinction, where we develop a model of classification of terrorist groups according to the goals which they pursue. So far, the topic of deterrence of terrorism has not been discussed in detail in the Czech academic texts. This article thus seeks to fill this lacuna and highlight the benefits of applying deterrence strategy to the terrorist groups.

Lexical Features of Academic Writing

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliakbar Imani ◽  
Hadina Habil
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Complexity Level ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Good Criterion ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Lexical Complexity ◽  
Lexical Density

In measuring the quality of written text, especially academic writing, lexical features are as important as grammatical features and should not be ignored. The highly computable nature of lexicons can make them a good criterion for determining and measuring the quality of text. In this article three lexical features: lexical density, complexity, and formality are reviewed and justified as measurement tools of academic texts. Furthermore, a measurement method is offered to evaluate lexical complexity level of an academic text.

Documentary data in the study of fatalities caused by meteorological and hydrological events: the Czech Republic, 1964–2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Chromá ◽  
Rudolf Brázdil ◽  
Lukáš Dolák ◽  
Jan Řehoř ◽  
Ladislava Řezníčková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Uncertainty Factors ◽  
Convective Storms ◽  
Documentary Data ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

<p>Reports from the newspaper “Rudé právo/Právo”, complemented by chronicles, epigraphic evidence, systematic meteorological/hydrological observations, media (including internet), professional reports and papers were used to create a database of fatalities taking place in the course of hydrological and meteorological events over the territory of the Czech Republic during the 1964–2019 period. The spatiotemporal variability of fatalities arising out of floods, flash floods, windstorms, convective storms, lightning, frosts, snow/glaze-ice calamities, avalanches, heats and other events is shown, with particular attention to closer characterisation of fatalities (gender, age, cause of death, place, type of death and behaviour). In the classification of fatalities, males and adults clearly prevail, while indirect victims and hazardous behaviour are strongly represented. Examples of two outstanding events with the highest numbers of fatalities during a flash flood on 9 June 1970 (34 fatalities) and a rain-induced flood in July 1997 (60 fatalities) are described in detail. Discussion of results includes the problem of data uncertainty, factors influencing the numbers of fatalities, and the broader context. The study emphasises the significance of documentary data and reveals its new utilisation in the study of fatalities in the Czech Republic.</p>

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