The Prehistory of P versus NP

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance Fortnow
Keyword(s):  
Academic Work ◽  
Research Community ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Large Research

This chapter explores two separate paths that led to the P versus NP question. In the end it was Steve Cook in the West and Leonid Levin in the East who would first ask whether P = NP. Science does not happen in a vacuum, and both sides have a long history leading to the work of Cook and Levin. The chapter covers just a small part of those research agendas, the struggle in the West to understand efficient computation and the struggle in the East to understand the necessity of perebor. Both would lead to P versus NP. Today, with most academic work available over the Internet and with generally open travel around the world, there is now one large research community instead of two separate ones.

Counterterrorism and the Western Response

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S ◽  
United Nation

There has been a neglect on the part of Western governments with focus on the U.S. to take seriously the internet campaign that ISIS has been waging since 2014 and the affective response that still draws citizens from across the world into their promise of a civilized, united nation for Muslims. It is possible that the West, even with a severely increased commitment to fighting the Islamic State, may be too late. This chapter will explore responses by Western governments including the United States to fight internet-enabled terrorism.

The realities of Free/Libre/Open Source Software developers in Japan and Asia

First Monday ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽  
Jun Iio ◽  
Kazuo Hiyane
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The West ◽  
Software Developers ◽  
The World ◽  
Asian Languages

A variety of individuals around the world are furthering development of Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) through the Internet. Why do they participate in developers’ communities and continue to develop FLOSS? Is their treatment enough to sustain their activities? Surveys, using online questionnaires, were conducted to answer these questions to analyze the FLOSS movement sociologically. However these surveys tend to focus on developers in the West. We decided to see if there are regional differences in FLOSS development. To that end, we conducted two surveys, the FLOSS–JP survey in Japanese and the FLOSS–ASIA survey in other Asian languages. In this paper, we describe regional differences, especially among Asian and Japanese FLOSS developers and compare the results to those from Western FLOSS surveys. Detailed reports of FLOSS–JP/ASIA are available at our Web site (MRI, 2004)

scholarly journals Billions of impoverished people deserve to be better served

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond P P. Fisk ◽  
Laurel Anderson ◽  
David E. Bowen ◽  
Thorsten Gruber ◽  
Amy Ostrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Service Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Agendas

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to create a movement within the service research community that aspires to help the billions of impoverished people across the world achieve better service from each other, from their communities, from corporations, from their governments, and from nongovernmental organizations. The authors believe every human being is worthy of being served properly. To achieve this purpose, understanding and learning from this huge low-income segment of society known as the base of the pyramid (BoP) is essential. There are myths about the BoP that need to be dispelled and there is a fundamental lack of service research on this important problem. Design/methodology/approach – The existence of an extensive BoP literature combined with service research priorities has called attention to drafting research agendas. Human service systems are explored historically and systems theory provides a perspective for understanding and reducing poverty. Transformative service research, service design research, and community action research are presented to illustrate three research approaches that can contribute to understanding and then better serving the needs of the neglected billions of humanity. Findings – First, the authors present a practical and meaningful call to action by making the case for the service research community to contribute to poverty alleviation with the creation of fresh ideas and research agendas. Second, the authors describe the ample opportunity for conducting service research in and with the BoP and thereby expanding service knowledge about the BoP. Third, the authors suggest a number of approaches for service researchers to join this new movement and help improve the well-being of billions of impoverished people. Social implications – Most existing service research comes from highly developed Anglo-Saxon countries and concerns the service problems of customers in affluent societies. Therefore, there is a fundamental lack of service research at the BoP. The social implications are truly global. Poverty is a global service system problem that can be reduced. Effective poverty alleviation solutions in one part of the world can be adapted to other parts of the world. Originality/value – This paper is a new and very original call to action to the service research community. First, with the exception of a few previous manuscripts calling for research on the BoP, this is the first time a collaborative effort has been made to start systematically changing this knowledge gap. Second, the service research community has never worked on a project of this magnitude. The authors hope to offer a role model to other academic communities as to how to marshal their resources to have a collective, positive impact on the well-being of the world’s impoverished.

The Globalization of Western Love via the Internet

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-72
Author(s):  
Elaine Hatfield ◽  
Richard L. Rapson ◽  
Jeanette Purvis
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Love ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The West ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Passionate Love ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Identities ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter discusses the history of passionate love in the West and how it is transforming global identities, not replacing them. The Internet offers new platforms where people can experience love and relationships within local contexts. While Western romantic love is often seen as the ideal and perhaps even as a symbol of modernity itself, billions of people throughout history and across the world experience and express love in different ways. There is not yet a global village for love. Instead, there is a world filled with millions of villages. But the movement is as much toward that homogeneous global village modeled in the West as it is toward variability. Stay tuned for the outcome, as it is yet unknown.

Understanding Our Minds and How We Can Liberate Ourselves and Others From the Hex of the Internet

2018 ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
Sister Gayatriprana
Keyword(s):  
Physical World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
The West ◽  
Conceptual Thinking ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Human Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Internal Experience

In facing the frustration and anger generated by the imposition by the digital world of the power of conceptual thinking and unseen algorithms, the West has sought to find the balance of inner experience. From progressive developments in psychology and a study of the great spiritual teachers of the world a model of balance between conceptual thinking and internal experience emerges: There is a need, not only to think clearly and rationally, but also to feel and empathize with all, to know deep from within what is of primary human value and the innate relationship between all beings, from the physical world to the greatest Buddha. The suggestion is that, through a secular type of spirituality integration of all of those qualities, an overall worldview will emerge. Such integration will lead directly to exuberant action that not only benefits individuals, but all whom they meet and from there outwards, outwards, and outwards, to integrate and bless the contents of the entire universe.

scholarly journals African Women and the Internet

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
Netiva Caftori
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
African Women ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

As the future of the Internet in Africa seems promising from an infrastructure point of view, the issue of the women of Africa should not be forgotten, in particular women who are already in academia who continue to struggle for equality despite their relative achievements. Women all over the world face similar hurdles and conflicts related to their gender, such as tenure vs. biolog-ical clock and shrinking pipeline. However the glass ceiling in the West is made of iron in Africa. One cannot yet aspire to reach the top. Luckily thanks to the Internet, women communicate with each other and African women as well are being heard. The Internet is serving them as a sound board and support in their struggles.

scholarly journals A Survey On Cloud Computing and Its Various Services

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6626-6631
Author(s):  
Parveen Kaur ◽  
Monika Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Research Community ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cloud Environment ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
The World ◽  
Cloud Environments ◽  
Access Information ◽  
Local Storage

Cloud computing is a hot topic all over the world nowadays, through which customers can access information and computer power via a web browser. As the adoption and deployment of cloud computing increase, it is critical to evaluate the performance of cloud environments. Currently, modeling and simulation technology has become a useful and powerful tool in cloud computing research community to deal with these issues. Cloud simulators are required for cloud system testing to decrease the complexity and separate quality concerns. Cloud computing means saving and accessing the data over the internet instead of local storage. In this paper, we have conducted a survey on the models of cloud environment, benefits and issues related to it.

Virtues and Vices of Government Control

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Goldsmith ◽  
Tim Wu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Government Control ◽  
The West ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many

Pierre Omidyar’s self-composed one-line autobiography reads: “Technologist, founder of eBay, trying to make the world a better place.” As his life’s progression suggests, of the many 1990s Internet billionaires, Omidyar’s disposition and outlook may most truly reflect the ethos of the West Coast. During his early “technologist” period he had a pony tail, wore aviator sunglasses, and worshipped the Apple Macintosh. It was during this period, in 1995, that he started eBay in his spare time, as a kind of hobby. “It was just an idea that I had, and I started it as an experiment, as a side hobby basically, while I had my day job.” In media legend the inspiration was his fiancée, Pam, who wanted to meet like-minded collectors of PEZ dispensers. But Omidyar’s account of his company’s origins emphasizes a different point. “The whole idea there was just to help people do business with one another on the Internet. And people thought it was impossible because how could people on the Internet—remember this is 1995— how could they trust each other? How could they get to know each other? And I thought that was silly. . . . [P]eople are basically good [and] honest.” It didn’t take long for eBay to realize that not everyone was good and honest: As this chapter shows, eBay quickly learned that to prevent fraud, enforce its contracts, and ensure stability in its auction services, it would depend critically on government coercion and the rule of law provided by a stable country like the United States. These are a few of the many complex benefits that only territorial sovereigns can bring, and without which most aspects of the Internet that we love and cherish would not exist. In this chapter and throughout part 3, we study these largely hidden virtues of government control of the Internet. As the story of China has already made clear, and as we discuss further in what follows, government control of the Internet is not always a happy prospect, for governments often rule unwisely and often clash with one another in destructive ways. Our aim in this part is to give a balanced account of these virtues and vices, and to show how the future of the Internet will be shaped by domestic politics and international relations, as interest groups and countries fight for control and influence over the once-borderless medium.

Mobility

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Networked Music ◽  
The Silk Road

Globalization has increased opportunities for international exchange and cooperation, as well as exploitation and conflict. This chapter approaches the contemporary music ecosystem through the concept of mobility–of ideas, sounds, and musicians–around the world. It considers cultural hybridity as exemplified by the Silk Road Ensemble, transnational embodiment in composer-performers from Tarek Atoui to Pamela Z, the role of institutions and funding bodies in shaping global flows, the meaning of Western music outside the West, networked music created for the Internet, and varieties of cultural opacity and relatedness expressed in music by Liza Lim and Michael Finnissy.

A hitchhiker’s guide to microscopy and microanalysis using telecommunications, e-mail, and the Internet

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 390-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Information Superhighway ◽  
The World ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Communication Software ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
E Mail

The Information SuperHighway, Email, The Internet, FTP, BBS, Modems, : all buzz words which are becoming more and more routine in our daily life. Confusing terminology? Hopefully it won't be in a few minutes, all you need is to have a handle on a few basic concepts and terms and you will be on-line with the rest of the "telecommunication experts". These terms all refer to some type or aspect of tools associated with a range of computer-based communication software and hardware. They are in fact far less complex than the instruments we use on a day to day basis as microscopist's and microanalyst's. The key is for each of us to know what each is and how to make use of the wealth of information which they can make available to us for the asking. Basically all of these items relate to mechanisms and protocols by which we as scientists can easily exchange information rapidly and efficiently to colleagues in the office down the hall, or half-way around the world using computers and various communications media. The purpose of this tutorial/paper is to outline and demonstrate the basic ideas of some of the major information systems available to all of us today. For the sake of simplicity we will break this presentation down into two distinct (but as we shall see later connected) areas: telecommunications over conventional phone lines, and telecommunications by computer networks. Live tutorial/demonstrations of both procedures will be presented in the Computer Workshop/Software Exchange during the course of the meeting.

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